GPS Technical Guide 有用才敢大聲

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【文件名】:06920@52RD_GPS Technical Guide.rar
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【简　介】:GPS Technical Guide
【目　录】:CHAPTER 1: SYSTEM OVERVIEW..............................................................................................1-1
1.1 General Description .........................................................................................................1-1
1.2 System Overview.............................................................................................................1-2
1.2.1 Space Segment..................................................................................................1-2
1.2.2 Control Segment ...............................................................................................1-3
1.2.3 User Segment....................................................................................................1-5
1.3 GPS Services ...................................................................................................................1-5
1.3.1 Precise Positioning Service................................................................................1-5
1.3.2 Standard Positioning Service.............................................................................1-6
1.4 GPS Theory of Operation................................................................................................1-6
1.4.1 GPS Satellite Signals.........................................................................................1-7
1.4.1.1 C/A-Code..........................................................................................1-7
1.4.1.2 P(Y)-Code ........................................................................................1-7
1.4.1.3 Navigation Message..........................................................................1-7
1.4.1.4 Satellite Signal Modulation ..............................................................1-8
1.4.2 GPS Receiver Operation ...................................................................................1-9
1.4.2.1 Satellite Selection............................................................................1-10
1.4.2.2 Satellite Signal Acquisition..............................................................1-11
1.4.2.3 Down Conversion...........................................................................1-12
1.4.2.4 Code Tracking ................................................................................1-13
1.4.2.5 Carrier Tracking and Data Detection..............................................1-13
1.4.2.6 Data Demodulation.........................................................................1-14
1.4.2.7 P(Y)-Code Signal Acquisition.........................................................1-14
1.4.2.8 PVT Calculations............................................................................1-14
1.4.2.9 Degraded Operation and Aiding .....................................................1-17
1.5 Program Management ...................................................................................................1-17
1.5.1 System Development and Management ..........................................................1-17
1.5.2 System Requirements, Planning, and Operations ............................................1-17
1.6 GPS Program History....................................................................................................1-18
1.6.1 Pre-Concept Validation (1960s-1972) ............................................................1-18
1.6.2 Phase I - Concept Validation (1973-1979)......................................................1-18
1.6.3 Phase II - Full Scale Development (1979-1985)..............................................1-19
1.6.4 Phase III - Production and Deployment (1986 to Present)..............................1-20
1.6.4.1 Space Segment (1986 to Present) ...................................................1-20
1.6.4.2 Control Segment (1986 to Present) ................................................1-21
1.6.4.3 User Segment (1986 to Present).....................................................1-22
CONTENTS (Continued)
Page
iv
CHAPTER 2: TYPES OF GPS RECEIVERS AND THEIR INTENDED
APPLICATIONS.....................................................................................................2-1
2.1 GPS Receiver Architectures ............................................................................................2-1
2.1.1 Continuous Receivers........................................................................................2-1
2.1.2 Sequential Receivers..........................................................................................2-1
2.1.2.1 One-Channel Sequential Receivers....................................................2-1
2.1.2.2 Two-Channel Sequential Receivers...................................................2-2
2.1.3 Multiplex (MUX) Receivers..............................................................................2-2
2.2 "All-In-View" Receivers ..................................................................................................2-2
2.3 Autonomous Integrity Monitoring Techniques................................................................2-3
2.4 Time Transfer Receivers..................................................................................................2-3
2.5 Differential GPS (DPGS) Receivers ................................................................................2-3
2.6 Surveying Receivers.........................................................................................................2-5
2.7 Analog/Digital Receivers .................................................................................................2-7
2.8 GPS As A Pseudorange/Delta Range Sensor ..................................................................2-8
CHAPTER 3: MINIMUM PERFORMANCE CAPABILITIES OF A
GPS RECEIVER .....................................................................................................3-1
3.1 Basic Considerations........................................................................................................3-1
3.1.1 GPS System Accuracy Characteristics ..............................................................3-1
3.1.2 GPS PPS System Range-Error Budget.............................................................3-2
3.1.2.1 GPS UE Range-Error Budget...........................................................3-3
3.1.3 Geometric Dilution of Precision........................................................................3-4
3.2 Receiver Position Accuracy.............................................................................................3-6
3.3 Receiver Velocity Accuracy.............................................................................................3-7
3.4 Receiver Time Accuracy..................................................................................................3-7
3.5 Time-To-First-Fix............................................................................................................3-8
3.5.1 Warm Start, Cold Start, and Hot Start..............................................................3-9
3.5.2 Receiver Warm-Up ...........................................................................................3-9
3.5.3 Almanac Collection .........................................................................................3-10
3.5.4 Initial Uncertainties..........................................................................................3-10
3.5.5 Ephemerides Collection...................................................................................3-10
3.5.6 Enhanced Acquisition Techniques...................................................................3-10
3.5.7 Direct P(Y)-Code Acquisition.........................................................................3-11
3.5.8 TTFF Requirements ........................................................................................3-11
3.5.9 Satellite Reacquisition .....................................................................................3-11
CHAPTER 4: GPS RECEIVER INTERFACE AND ANCILLARY
EQUIPMENT..........................................................................................................4-1
4.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................................4-1
4.2 General Purpose Interfaces..............................................................................................4-1
4.2.1 MIL-STD-1553 Multiplex Data Bus.................................................................4-1
4.2.2 ARINC 429 Digital Information Transfer System.............................................4-2
CONTENTS (Continued)
Page
v
4.2.3 Uses of the MIL-STD-1553 and ARINC 429 Interfaces ..................................4-2
4.2.3.1 Control-and-Display Unit..................................................................4-2
4.2.3.2 Data Loader System..........................................................................4-5
4.2.3.3 Flight Instrument Interface Unit........................................................4-6
4.2.3.4 Inertial Navigation Systems...............................................................4-8
4.3 Precise Time and Time Interval Interface.........................................................................4-9
4.3.1 Introduction.......................................................................................................4-9
4.3.2 Precise Time Inputs...........................................................................................4-9
4.3.3 Precise Time Outputs........................................................................................4-9
4.4 Roll/Pitch/Heading/Water-Speed Analog Input Interface..............................................4-10
4.5 Instrumentation Port Interface .......................................................................................4-10
4.6 RS-232 Interface............................................................................................................4-10
4.7 Barometric Altimeter Interface ......................................................................................4-10
4.8 GPS Interface Options...................................................................................................4-11
4.8.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................4-11
4.8.2 Implementing a New Interface in an Existing GPS Receiver...........................4-11
4.8.3 Redesign of HV Interfaces to Accommodate an
Existing GPS Receiver .................................................................................4-11
4.8.4 Separate Development of an Interface Box.....................................................4-11
CHAPTER 5: ANTENNA SUBSYSTEMS......................................................................................5-1
5.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................................5-1
5.2 FRPA..............................................................................................................................5-1
5.2.1 General Characteristics......................................................................................5-1
5.2.2 FRPA Types......................................................................................................5-2
5.3 CRPA Equipment............................................................................................................5-4
CHAPTER 6: SERVICE COVERAGE, SERVICE AVAILABILITY, AND SERVICE
RELIABILITY; SATELLITE SELECTION CRITERIA AND FIGURE OF
MERIT DESCRIPTION..........................................................................................6-1
6.1 Service Coverage, Service Availability, And Service Reliability ......................................6-1
6.1.1 Parameter Definitions........................................................................................6-1
6.1.2 Service Coverage Characteristics ......................................................................6-3
6.1.2.1 Service Coverage Standards .............................................................6-3
6.1.2.2 The GPS 24-Satellite Constellation...................................................6-3
6.1.2.3 Expected Service Coverage Characteristics......................................6-4
6.1.3 Service Availability Characteristics....................................................................6-5
6.1.3.1 Service Availability Standards...........................................................6-5
6.1.3.2 Satellite Outage Effects on Service Availability ................................6-5
6.1.3.3 Expected Service Availability Characteristics....................................6-6
6.1.4 Service Reliability Characteristics......................................................................6-8
6.1.4.1 Service Reliability Standards.............................................................6-8
6.1.4.2 GPS Service Failure Characteristics..................................................6-9
CONTENTS (Continued)
Page
vi
6.1.4.3 Failure Frequency Estimate...............................................................6-9
6.1.4.4 Failure Duration Estimate .................................................................6-9
6.1.4.5 Failure Magnitude and Behavior.....................................................6-10
6.1.4.6 User Global Distribution and Failure Visibility................................6-10
6.1.4.7 Satellite Use in the Position Solution ..............................................6-10
6.1.4.8 Failure Effect on Position Solution..................................................6-11
6.1.4.9 Expected Service Reliability Characteristics....................................6-11
6.1.5 Additional Commentary ..................................................................................6-11
6.1.5.1 24 Operational Satellites and Service Availability ...........................6-11
6.1.5.2 PDOP Less Than Six ......................................................................6-13
6.1.5.3 Four-Satellite Solution and Five-Degree Mask Angle.....................6-13
6.1.5.4 Integrity Checking...........................................................................6-14
6.1.5.5 Summary of the Commentary .........................................................6-15
6.2 Satellite Selection Criteria..............................................................................................6-15
6.2.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................6-15
6.2.2 Satellite Health ................................................................................................6-15
6.2.3 Geometric Dilution of Precision......................................................................6-16
6.2.4 User Range Accuracy......................................................................................6-16
6.2.5 Satellite Elevation Angle .................................................................................6-16
6.2.6 External Aids...................................................................................................6-16
6.3 Figure Of Merit (FOM) .................................................................................................6-17
CHAPTER 7: AIDING OPTIONS FOR A GPS RECEIVER..........................................................7-1
7.1 Types of Aiding ...............................................................................................................7-1
7.2 Aiding During Initial Acquisition .....................................................................................7-2
7.2.1 Position and Velocity Aiding.............................................................................7-2
7.2.2 Time Aiding.......................................................................................................7-2
7.2.3 Almanac Data....................................................................................................7-2
7.2.4 Effect On TTFF.................................................................................................7-2
7.3 Aiding to Translate Navigation Solution..........................................................................7-3
7.4 Aiding to Replace a Satellite Measurement......................................................................7-3
7.4.1 Clock Aiding .....................................................................................................7-4
7.4.2 Altitude Aiding..................................................................................................7-4
7.5 Aiding to Maintain Satellite Track...................................................................................7-4
CHAPTER 8: POSSIBLE INTEGRATIONS OF GPS.....................................................................8-1
8.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................................8-1
8.2 Mission Requirements......................................................................................................8-2
8.3 Integration Architectures .................................................................................................8-3
8.3.1 GPS Stand-Alone/Baro/Clock Aided................................................................8-3
8.3.2 GPS/INS Integrations .......................................................................................8-4
8.3.3 GPS and Mission Computer/Databus Emulator................................................8-5
8.3.4 GPS in a 1553 Databus Configuration ..............................................................8-5
CONTENTS (Continued)
Page
vii
8.3.5 Embedded GPS.................................................................................................8-6
8.4 GPS and Transit/Omega/Loran-C....................................................................................8-6
CHAPTER 9: GPS AND KALMAN FILTERING...........................................................................9-1
9.1 Introduction .....................................................................................................................9-1
9.2 Kalman Filter Principle.....................................................................................................9-1
9.2.1 Kalman Filter Model..........................................................................................9-2
9.2.1.1 The System Dynamics Process..........................................................9-2
9.2.1.2 The Measurement Process ................................................................9-2
9.2.2 Kalman Filter Algorithm....................................................................................9-3
9.2.2.1 Propagation.......................................................................................9-3
9.2.2.2 Update ..............................................................................................9-4
9.2.2.3 Initial Conditions...............................................................................9-6
9.3 Kalman Filtering for Unaided GPS ..................................................................................9-6
9.3.1 The GPS Navigation Process ............................................................................9-6
9.3.2 The GPS Navigation Equation..........................................................................9-7
9.3.3 The GPS Kalman Filter Model..........................................................................9-8
9.3.4 GPS Augmented Kalman Filter.......................................................................9-10
9.3.5 GPS Kalman Filter Tuning ..............................................................................9-10
9.4 Kalman Filtering for Aided/Integrated GPS...................................................................9-11
9.4.1 The Integrated Navigation Solution ................................................................9-11
9.4.2 Kalman Filtering and GPS/INS .......................................................................9-11
9.4.2.1 System Architecture........................................................................9-11
9.4.2.2 The INS Navigation Process...........................................................9-14
9.4.2.3 The INS Kalman Filter States .........................................................9-16
9.4.3 Kalman Filtering and GPS/Precise Clock ........................................................9-16
9.4.4 Kalman Filtering and GPS/Barometric Altimeter ............................................9-16
9.4.5 Kalman Filtering and GPS/AHRS ...................................................................9-17
CHAPTER 10: DIFFERENTIAL GPS............................................................................................10-1
10.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................10-1
10.2 DGPS Concept..............................................................................................................10-2
10.3 DGPS Implementation Types ........................................................................................10-3
10.3.1 Ranging-Code Differential...............................................................................10-3
10.3.2 Carrier-Phase Differential................................................................................10-4
10.3.3 DGPS Data Link Implementations..................................................................10-5
10.3.4 Local Area and Wide Area Systems................................................................10-6
10.4 Solution Error Sources ..................................................................................................10-6
10.5 System Block Diagram ..................................................................................................10-9
10.6 DGPS Integrity............................................................................................................10-10
CHAPTER 11: SPECIAL APPLICATIONS FOR NAVSTAR GPS .............................................11-1
11.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................11-1
CONTENTS (Continued)
Page
viii
11.2 DGPS Applications........................................................................................................11-1
11.2.1 Potential Uses of DGPS..................................................................................11-1
11.2.1.1 Instrument Approach ......................................................................11-1
11.2.1.2 All Weather Helicopter Operations.................................................11-1
11.2.1.3 Narrow Channel Maritime Operations............................................11-2
11.2.1.4 Reference Station for Testing/Calibration of
Navigation Equipment................................................................11-2
11.2.1.5 Surveying for Mapping and Positioning..........................................11-2
11.2.1.6 Blind Take-Off................................................................................11-2
11.2.2 DGPS Data Link.............................................................................................11-2
11.3 GPS Used as an Attitude Reference System..................................................................11-3
11.3.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................11-3
11.3.2 Concept of Operation......................................................................................11-3
11.3.3 3-D Attitude Reference System.......................................................................11-4
11.3.4 Use of Multiple Receivers and a Reference Oscillator.....................................11-5
11.3.5 Error Sources and Degradation of Performance .............................................11-5
11.3.5.1 Absolute Position Uncertainty.........................................................11-5
11.3.5.2 PDOP..............................................................................................11-6
11.3.5.3 Antenna Location............................................................................11-6
11.3.5.4 Antenna Position Difference Uncertainty
in the Body Frame ......................................................................11-6
11.3.5.5 Measurement Accuracy and Error Budget......................................11-6
11.4 Precise Time and GPS ...................................................................................................11-7
11.4.1 Introduction.....................................................................................................11-7
11.4.2 Applications of Precise Time...........................................................................11-7
11.4.3 Interrelationship Between Different Definitions of Time.................................11-7
11.4.3.1 Time Based on the Rotation of the Earth
On Its Axis..................................................................................11-7
11.4.3.2 Atomic Time/UTC Time.................................................................11-8
11.4.3.3 GPS Time .......................................................................................11-9
11.4.4 Precise Time Dissemination from GPS............................................................11-9
11.4.4.1 Precise Time Dissemination Under Dynamic
Conditions.................................................................................11-12
11.4.4.2 Reduced Time Accuracy Due to SA.............................................11-13
11.4.5 Time Transfer Using GPS .............................................................................11-14
11.4.5.1 Coordinated Simultaneous-View Time Transfer...........................11-14
11.4.5.2 Coordinated Simultaneous-View Time Transfer
with USNO...............................................................................11-14
11.5 Satellite Orbit Determination Using GPS.....................................................................11-15
CHAPTER 12: GPS INTEGRITY AND CIVIL AVIATION ........................................................12-1
12.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................12-1
12.2 Military Use of National Airspace..................................................................................12-2
CONTENTS (Continued)
Page
ix
12.3 Civil Aviation Authorities, Agencies, and Organizations ...............................................12-2
12.3.1 Regulatory Authorities ....................................................................................12-2
12.3.2 Advisory Groups.............................................................................................12-3
12.3.3 Industry Groups ..............................................................................................12-3
12.3.4 Civil Aviation Coordination with the U.S. and U.S. DoD...............................12-3
12.4 Primary Civil Aviation Concerns With GPS ..................................................................12-4
12.4.1 Integrity Requirements....................................................................................12-4
12.4.2 Required Navigation Performance ..................................................................12-5
12.4.3 Integrity Assurance..........................................................................................12-6
CHAPTER 13: DIGITAL MAPS....................................................................................................13-1
13.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................13-1
13.2 What Is A Digital Map?.................................................................................................13-1
13.2.1 Digitized Paper Maps......................................................................................13-1
13.2.2 Digital Database Maps ....................................................................................13-2
13.2.3 HYBRID Maps...............................................................................................13-2
13.3 Navigation Maps and Tactical Maps..............................................................................13-2
13.3.1 Use of Digital Maps for Navigation.................................................................13-2
13.3.2 Use of Digital Maps for Tactical Displays.......................................................13-3
13.3.3 Improvement of Common Reference Grids.....................................................13-3
13.3.3.1 Improved Gridlock..........................................................................13-4
13.3.3.2 Geodetic Gridlock...........................................................................13-4
13.3.3.3 Sensor Calibration...........................................................................13-4
13.3.3.4 OTHT Operations...........................................................................13-4
13.4 Other Issues Concerning Digital Maps and GPS ...........................................................13-5
13.4.1 Electrical Interface Between the Digital Map Display and
the GPS Receiver.....................................................................................13-5
13.4.2 Digital Maps Accuracy....................................................................................13-5
13.4.3 Map Datums....................................................................................................13-5
ANNEX A: GLONASS: RUSSIAN'S EQUIVALENT NAVIGATION SYSTEM........................A-1
A.1 Historical Perspective .....................................................................................................A-1
A.2 Purpose of Global Satellite Navigation Systems .............................................................A-1
A.3 System Accuracy ............................................................................................................A-2
A.4 Monitor and Control Subsystem.....................................................................................A-2
A.5 Space Segment ...............................................................................................................A-3
A.6 Maneuvering in Orbit......................................................................................................A-5
A.7 Spacecraft Description....................................................................................................A-6
A.8 Satellite Launch Program................................................................................................A-7
A.9 Transmission Frequencies.............................................................................................A-10
A.10 Transmission Powers and Protection Ratio ..................................................................A-11
A.11 Information Transmission, Bandwidth and Code Rates................................................A-11
A.12 Ranging Codes..............................................................................................................A-12
CONTENTS (Continued)
Page
x
A.13 Navigation Data............................................................................................................A-12
A.14 Navigation Reference Frame.........................................................................................A-14
A.15 User Equipment............................................................................................................A-15
A.16 References ....................................................................................................................A-15
ANNEX B: WORLD GEODETIC SYSTEM 1984: A MODERN AND GLOBAL
REFERENCE FRAME...........................................................................................B-1
B.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................B-1
B.2 The Reference Frame......................................................................................................B-1
B.3 The Defining Parameters and Associated Constants.......................................................B-3
B.4 The Gravity Formula.......................................................................................................B-4
B.5 The Earth Gravitational Model.......................................................................................B-5
B.6 The Geoid.......................................................................................................................B-5
B.7 Relationship with Local Geodetic Datums......................................................................B-5
B.8 Accuracy........................................................................................................................B-7
B.9 Summary........................................................................................................................B-9
B.10 References ......................................................................................................................B-9
ANNEX C: BBS INFORMATION..................................................................................................C-1
C.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................C-1
C.2 BBS Listing ....................................................................................................................C-1
ANNEX D: IMPACT OF MULTIPATH.........................................................................................D-1
ANNEX E: DOCUMENTATION....................................................................................................E-1
E.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................E-1
E.2 ICDs ...............................................................................................................................E-1
E.3 Other Documentation .....................................................................................................E-1
E.3.1 JPO Documents................................................................................................E-1
E.3.2 ION Documents...............................................................................................E-1
E.3.3 RTCM Document ............................................................................................E-1
E.3.4 RTCA Document.............................................................................................E-2
E.3.5 DoT Documents...............................................................................................E-2
E.3.6 Miscellaneous...................................................................................................E-2
ANNEX F: ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS...................................................................... F-1
xi
ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure Page
1-1 Navstar GPS Major Segments...................................................................................................1-1
1-2 GPS Satellite Constellation........................................................................................................1-3
1-3 GPS Control Segment Locations...............................................................................................1-4
1-4 Monitor Station and Ground Antenna .......................................................................................1-5
1-5 The Navigation Message ...........................................................................................................1-8
1-6 Satellite Signal Modulation........................................................................................................1-9
1-7 GPS Signal Frequency Spectrum.............................................................................................1-10
1-8 Spread Spectrum Generation and Reconstruction ...................................................................1-11
1-9 Generic GPS Receiver Tracking System .................................................................................1-12
1-10 GPS Receiver Theory of Operation.........................................................................................1-16
2-1 Analog GPS Receiver Architecture ...........................................................................................2-7
2-2 Digital GPS Receiver Architecture ............................................................................................2-8
3-1 Dilution of Precision ..................................................................................................................3-4
3-2 Time-To-First-Fix (TTFF).......................................................................................................3-12
4-1 Example of a Dedicated CDU ...................................................................................................4-3
4-2 Example of a Multifunction CDU..............................................................................................4-4
4-3 Example of a Data Loader System ............................................................................................4-6
4-4 Flight Instruments and TACAN.................................................................................................4-8
4-5 Flight Instruments and GPS.......................................................................................................4-9
5-1 FRPA Spiral Helix .....................................................................................................................5-3
5-2 FRPA Bifilar Helix.....................................................................................................................5-3
5-3 FRPA Crossed Monopoles........................................................................................................5-3
5-4 FRPA Ground Plane..................................................................................................................5-4
6-1 Satellite Global Visibility Profile ................................................................................................6-4
7-1 Aiding Options for a GPS Receiver...........................................................................................7-1
8-1 GPS Stand-Alone Configuration ...............................................................................................8-3
8-2 GPS INS-Aided Configuration..................................................................................................8-4
8-3 Configuration with Mission Computer/Databus Emulator.........................................................8-5
8-4 GPS in 1553 Databus Configuration..........................................................................................8-6
9-1 Simplified Diagram of Kalman Filter..........................................................................................9-3
9-2 Geometry for GPS Measurement ..............................................................................................9-8
9-3 Open-Loop GPS/INS Aided Architecture...............................................................................9-12
9-4 Closed-Loop GPS/INS Aided Architecture.............................................................................9-12
9-5 Open-Loop Integrated GPS/INS Architecture ........................................................................9-13
9-6 Closed-Loop Integrated GPS/INS Architecture......................................................................9-14
10-1 Typical Differential System Architecture .................................................................................10-1
10-2 Typical Reference Station........................................................................................................10-9
10-3 Typical UE Block Diagram....................................................................................................10-10
11-1 Interferometry Using GPS.......................................................................................................11-4
11-2 The Interrelationship of the Different Methods of Measuring
and Defining Time ................................................................................................................11-8
11-3 Determination of GPS-UTC (USNO) Time Difference.........................................................11-10
xii
11-4 Uncoordinated Time Transfer Using GPS.............................................................................11-11
11-5 Coordinated Time Transfer Using GPS.................................................................................11-15
A-1 GLONASS Orbit Planes and Slots ...........................................................................................A-4
A-2 GLONASS L1 C/A and P(Y) Code Spectrum.......................................................................A-13
B-1 World Geodetic System 1984 Reference Frame.......................................................................B-2
B-2 WGS 84 Geoid (n=m=18 Truncation)......................................................................................B-6
D-1 Multipath Induced North Position Error...................................................................................D-3
TABLES
Table Page
1-1 NTS and Block I Satellite Launch Dates and Status................................................................1-19
1-2 Block II Satellite Launch Dates and Status..............................................................................1-21
3-1 GPS PPS System Range Error-Budget .....................................................................................3-3
3-2 Time Error Budget ....................................................................................................................3-8
3-3 Precise Time Output Accuracy (95%) for a Typical PPS
P-code Receiver......................................................................................................................3-8
3-4 Precise Time Output Accuracy (95%) for a Typical SPS
C/A-code Receiver .................................................................................................................3-9
6-1 Service Coverage Standards......................................................................................................6-3
6-2 Service Availability Standards....................................................................................................6-6
6-3 Service Availability as a Function of Specified Satellite
Outage Conditions..................................................................................................................6-7
6-4 Example of 3-Day Global Service Availability with Component Failure
on Worst Day .........................................................................................................................6-7
6-5 Example of 30-Day Global Service Availability Without Component Failure ...........................6-8
6-6 Service Reliability Standards......................................................................................................6-8
6-7 Probability of Operational Satellites.........................................................................................6-12
6-8 Service Coverage of a Typical 24-Satellite Constellation ........................................................6-12
6-9 Availability of the Integrity Decision........................................................................................6-14
6-10 FOM/TFOM Numerical Values and Estimated Errors............................................................6-18
10-1 PPS DGPS Error Budget ........................................................................................................10-8
11-1 Uncoordinated Time Transfer Using GPS PPS Receivers.....................................................11-11
11-2 Coordinated Time Transfer Using GPS PPS Receivers.........................................................11-12
12-1 Typical Range of Integrity Parameters.....................................................................................12-5
A-1 GLONASS Satellite Launches..................................................................................................A-8
A-2 GLONASS Transmitted Power..............................................................................................A-11
A-3 Almanacs ...............................................................................................................................A-14
B-1 WGS 84 Ellipsoid Four Defining Parameters ...........................................................................B-3
B-2 Relevant Miscellaneous Constants and Conversion Factors .....................................................B-4
B-3 Transformation Parameters Local Geodetic Systems to WGS 84 ............................................B-8
B-4 Methods of Determining and Accuracy of WGS 84 Coordinates.............................................B-9
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john019

ok

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cbqiyang100

This is english , how to understand

wxcwys

用处不大,呵呵!~~~~~

starman

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