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高速数字电路及EMC设计
2.1.7 EMC 三要素................................................................................................................... 36
2.1.8 共模和差模..................................................................................................................... 38
2.1.9 减小噪声的措施............................................................................................................ 39
2.2 信号完整性――减小串扰和信号畸变................................................................................... 39
2.2.1.......................................................................................................................................... 39
2.2.2 屏蔽................................................................................................................................ 40
2.2.3 信号畸变........................................................................................................................ 41
2.3 通过滤波减小直流电源噪声................................................................................................... 41
2.3.1.......................................................................................................................................... 42
2.3.2 If DC power planes can’t be used, then lumped decoupling capacitors must be sized and
placed correctly. ....................................................................................................................... 42
2.3.3 多层 PCB、表贴电容,串联电感在何处?............................................................... 43
2.3.4 How to distribute DC power from a single supply to both analog and digital circuits?.. 43
2.4 元件放置与信号层分配........................................................................................................... 44
2.5 Reducing conducted & radiated emission & susceptibility........................................................ 46
2.6 电路板 EMC 准则总结............................................................................................................ 48
2.6.1 Component Placement .................................................................................................... 48
2.6.2 DC Power Distribution.................................................................................................... 48
2.6.3 Routing of Signal Output and Return Paths .................................................................... 49
2.6.4 Signal Integrity – Reducing Crosstalk and Distortion..................................................... 49
2.6.5 High Frequency Transmission Lines............................................................................... 50
2.6.6 Reducing Conducted and Radiated Emissions ................................................................ 50 使用的位置有一定差别。...................................................................................................... 19
1.5.11 ringing, crosstalk, radiated noise —— 数字系统的三种噪声.................................... 19
1.5.12 数字信号的绝大部分能量(功率谱密度)集中在fknee之内..................................... 19
1.5.13 延时:FR4 PCB,outer trace: 140~180 ps/inch inner trace: 180 ps/inch .......... 20
1.5.14 集总参数与分布参数系统.......................................................................................... 20
1.5.15 互感、耦合电容的作用(干扰).............................................................................. 20
1.5.16 ECL电路的上升时间、下降时间的计算.................................................................. 20
1.5.17 在数字系统中,耦合电容引起的串扰比起互感引起的串扰要小。...................... 21
1.5.18 传输通道包括器件封装、PCB布局、连接器,至少在fknee的范围内要有平坦的频
响,以保证信号不失真,否则信号在收端可能会遇到上升时间劣化、过冲、振铃、lump
等现象。.................................................................................................................................. 21
1.5.19 阻容负载对电流变化的作用...................................................................................... 21
1.5.20 噪声容限(noise immunity):以 10H189 器件为例................................................ 22
1.5.21 地反弹(ground bounce)....................................................................................... 23
1.5.22 寄生电容 Stray Capacitance 的影响:对于高输入阻抗电路影响尤为严重........... 23
1.5.23 示波器探针的电气模型.............................................................................................. 24
1.5.24 21:1 探针:................................................................................................................... 25
1.5.25 趋肤效应(skin effect):在高频时导线表面附近的电流密度加大,而中心部分的
电流密度减小。趋肤效应使得导线对高频信号的衰减增大。趋肤效应的频率与导体的材
料有关。.................................................................................................................................. 25
1.5.26 对低频信号,电流流经电阻最小的路径;对高频信号,回流路径的电感远比其电
阻重要,高频电流流经电感最小的路径,而非电阻最小的路径。最小电感回流路径正好
在信号导线的下面,以减小流出和流入电流通路间的环路面积。.................................. 25
1.5.27 负载电容对上升时间的影响...................................................................................... 26
1.5.28 直流匹配和交流匹配的功耗比较.............................................................................. 27
1.5.29 电源系统设计原则...................................................................................................... 27
1.5.30 TTL和 ECL 的混合系统要注意................................................................................. 27
1.5.31 电源线上的电磁辐射防护.......................................................................................... 28
1.5.32 旁路电容的选取和安装:.......................................................................................... 28
1.5.33 连接器对高速系统的影响.......................................................................................... 28
1.5.34 总线:.......................................................................................................................... 30
2、电磁兼容性(Electromagnetic Compatibility)........................................................................... 32
2.1 关于电磁兼容性的基本原理................................................................................................... 32
2.1.1 下面的电路布局有什么问题?..................................................................................... 32
2.1.2 走线可穿过回流平面的缝隙吗?No!....................................................................... 33
2.1.3 走线的电感和电容......................................................................................................... 33
2.1.4 接地的作用:................................................................................................................. 34
2.1.5 信号参考点应在何处接至基底(chassis) ...................................................................... 35
2.1.6 周期信号........................................................................................................................ 36
31. 高速数字电路设计.......................................................................................................................... 5
1.1 何谓高速数字信号?.................................................................................................................. 5
1.2 微带线、带状线的概念.............................................................................................................. 5
1.2.1 微带线(Microstrip)...................................................................................................... 5
1.2.2 带状线(Stripline)......................................................................................................... 6
1.2.3 经验数据........................................................................................................................... 6
1.2.4 同轴线(coaxial cable).................................................................................................. 6
1.2.5 双绞线(twisted-pair cable).......................................................................................... 7
1.2.6 等间隔的电容负载的影响............................................................................................... 7
1.3 常见高速电路............................................................................................................................. 8
1.3.1 ECL(Emitter Coupled Logic)电路............................................................................... 8
1.3.2 CML(Current Mode Logic)电路................................................................................. 9
1.3.3 GTL(Gunning Transceiver Logic)电路..................................................................... 10
1.3.4 BTL(Backplane Transceiver Logic)电路................................................................... 10
1.3.5 TTL(Transistor Transistor Logic)电路...................................................................... 11
1.3.6 模数转换电路—线接收器............................................................................................ 12
1.4 常见电路匹配措施................................................................................................................... 12
1.4.1 反射................................................................................................................................. 12
1.4.2 终端匹配......................................................................................................................... 13
1.4.3 始端匹配......................................................................................................................... 15
1.5 高速电路设计一般原则和调试方法....................................................................................... 16
1.5.1 同步逻辑设计................................................................................................................. 16
1.5.2 了解选用器件的输入、输出结构,选用恰当的匹配电路;在考虑节省功耗,电路 又
能容许的情况下,可适当地引入失配。.............................................................................. 19
1.5.3 对极高速率(300MHz 以上)的信号,一般建议选用互补逻辑,以降低对电源的要
求。.......................................................................................................................................... 19
1.5.4 了解每一根高速信号电流的流向(电流环)............................................................. 19
1.5.5 信号的布线、电源和地层的分割,是否符合微带线、带状线的要求?高速信号要
有回路地相配(不是屏蔽地).............................................................................................. 19
1.5.6 电源滤波......................................................................................................................... 19
1.5.7 对很高速度的信号要估算其走线延迟。..................................................................... 19
1.5.8 在满足速度要求的前提下,尽量选用工作速率低的器件。..................................... 19
1.5.9 差分线尽量靠近走线..................................................................................................... 19
1.5.10 测试方法:选择有 50Ω输入的高速示波器,一般自制一个探头,测量点应尽量靠
近所观察的位置或者需要该信号的实际位置。一般不建议测输出端的信号波形,与实际
2
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