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Bill Sweetman（名字可以音译为 比尔. 思维特慢 ）是《航空周刊》下属的《防务科技》的总编。自J-20露面来，他已撰写多篇文章跟踪报道，在美国的航空爱好者中引发广泛的对J-20的关注。
China's J-20 Stealth Fighter In Taxi Tests
中国J-20隐形飞机滑跑测试
作者：Bill Sweetman
华盛顿，12月30日
China’s first known stealth aircraft just emerged from a secret development program and was undergoing high-speed taxi tests late last week at Chengdu Aircraft Design Institute’s airfield. Said to be designated J-20, it is larger than most observers expected—pointing to long range and heavy weapon loads.
第一个已知的中国隐形飞机刚刚从一个秘密的开发项目中显露出来，上周晚些时候在成都飞机设计所的机场开始进行高速滑跑测试。
Its timing, Chengdu’s development record and official statements cast doubt on U.S. Defense Secretary Robert Gates’s 2009 prediction (in support of his decision to stop production of the Lockheed Martin F-22) that China would not have an operational stealth aircraft before 2020.
此次的时间，成都的开发记录和官方声明使人对美国国防部长罗伯特.盖茨2009年的作出的有关中国将不会在2020年前拥有可使用的隐形战机的预测产生了怀疑。该预测被其用于支持停止洛克希德马丁的F-22生产的决定。
The debut of the J-20 was announced in a November 2009 interview on Chinese TV by Gen. He Weirong, deputy commander of the People’s Liberation Army Air Force. The general said a “fourth-generation” fighter (Chinese terminology for a stealth fighter) would be flown in 2010-11 and be operational in 2017-19.
J-20的第一次曝光源自于2009年11月中国电视台对解放军空军副司令员何为荣将军进行的采访。何将军说中国的“第四代“战机（中国对隐形战机的称呼）将在2010-11年试飞并于2017-19年服役。
The J-20 is a single-seat, twin-engine aircraft, bigger and heavier than the Sukhoi T-50 and the F-22. Comparison with ground-service vehicles points to an overall length of 75 ft. and a wingspan of 45 ft. or more, which would suggest a takeoff weight in the 75,000-80,000-lb. class with no external load. That in turn implies a generous internal fuel capacity. The overall length is close to that of the 1960s General Dynamics F-111, which carries 34,000 lb. of fuel.
J-20是一架单座双发战机，比苏霍伊的T-50和F-22更大更重。根据与地勤车辆的对比，总体机长为75英尺（22.86米）、翼展在45英尺（13.7米）以上。按此推算起飞重量在没有外部载荷的情况下约为75,000-80,000磅（34,000-36,000公斤）。这意味着很富裕的内部油料空间。其总体长度接近60年代通用动力公司可携带34,000磅（15,400公斤）燃油的F-111。
The J-20 has a canard delta layout (like Chengdu’s J-10) with two canted, all-moving vertical stabilizers (like the T-50) and smaller canted ventral fins. The stealth body shaping is similar to that of the F-22. The flat body sides are aligned with the canted tails, the wing-body junction is clean, and there is a sharp chine line around the forward fuselage. The cant angles are greater than they are on the Lockheed Martin F-35, and the frameless canopy is similar to that of the F-22.
J-20的布局包括一对三角形鸭翼（类似成都J-10）和一对外倾的全动垂尾（类似T-50）以及一对较小的外倾腹鳍。其隐形机身的形状类似于F-22。扁平的机身侧部与倾斜的垂尾处于同一面上，翼身衔接处光滑，前机身被一清晰的脊线环绕。外倾的角度比洛克希德马丁的F-35更大，整体式座舱盖与F-22 相似。
The engines are most likely members of the Russian Saturn AL-31F family, also used on the J-10. The production version will require yet-to-mature indigenous engines. The inlets use diverterless supersonic inlet (DSI) technology, first adopted for the F-35 but also used by Chengdu on the J-10B—the newest version of the J-10—and the Sino-Pakistani JF-17 Thunder.
发动机很可能属于同样用于J-10的俄罗斯土星科学生产联合公司的AL-31F系列产品。最终生产型将采用尚在开放中的国产发动机。进气道采用无附面层隔板超音速进气道（DSI）技术，最先被F-35采用并也被用于成都的J-10系类最新型号J-10B和中巴联合研制的JF-17雷电战机。
The main landing gears retract into body-side bays, indicating the likely presence of F-22-style side weapon bays ahead of them. The ground clearance is higher than on the F-22, which would facilitate loading larger weapons including air-to-surface munitions. Chinese engineers at the Zhuhai air show in November disclosed that newly developed air-to-ground weapons are now required to be compatible with the J-20.
主起落架收入机身一侧的起落架舱，这意味着很可能其前面有类似F-22 的机侧武器舱。机腹距地面高度比F-22高，这使其能装载更大的武器系统，如空对地武器。中国的工程技术人员在今年11月的珠海航展商透露，新研发的空对地导弹被要求与J-20相匹配。
Features at the rear of the aircraft—including underwing actuator fairings, axisymmetrical engine exhausts and the ventral fins—appear less compatible with stealth, so the J-20 may not match the all-aspect stealth of the F-22. There are two possible explanations for this: Either the aircraft seen here is the first step toward an operational design, or China’s requirements do not place as much stress on rear-aspect signatures.
该机后部的特征 —— 包括翼下动作筒整流罩、轴对称发动机尾喷口和腹鳍——看上去似乎不利于隐身性，所以J-20的整体隐身性也许不如F-22。对此有两种可能的解释：这架飞机是向最终设计迈出的第一步，或者中国对后部的隐身性要求不是很高。
The major open question at this point is whether the J-20 is a true prototype, like the T-50, or a technology demonstrator, with a status similar to the YF-22 flown in 1990. That question will be answered by whether, and how many, further J-20s enter flight testing in the next 12-24 months.
目前最大的问题就是J-20到底是一架向T-50那样纯粹的原型机，还是像1990年YF-22 试飞时的那种状态。随着未来12-24个月里是否有、或者有多少J-20投入飞行测试，这个问题将得到解答。
Developing an effective multi-mission stealthy aircraft presents challenges beyond the airframe, because it requires a sensor suite that uses automated data fusion, emission control and low-probability-of-intercept data links to build an operational picture for the pilot without giving away the aircraft’s own location.
开发一款有效的多任务隐形战机的挑战远不止于机体本身，它还需要具备一个雷达探测系统用于自动化数据融合、发射控制和低截获可能性数据链，为飞行员提供一个可操作画面同时不暴露飞机自身的位置。
A rapid development program would be a challenge for China’s combat aircraft industry, which is currently busy: The J-10B, FC-17 and Shenyang’s J-11B and carrier-based J-15 are all under development. However, the progress of China’s military aviation technology has been rapid since the first flight of the J-10 in 1996, owing to the nation’s growing economy and the push by the People’s Liberation Army for a modernized military force in all domains. Before the J-10, China’s only indigenous production combat aircraft were the Shenyang J-8 and Xian JH-7, reflecting early-1960s technology from Russia and Europe.
一个快速的发展项目对中国的战斗机产业可能是个挑战，他们现在正忙于J-10B，FC-17 和沈阳的J-11B以及舰载机J-15的开发。但自1996年J-10的首飞以来，中国的军用航空技术发展迅速，这获益于中国快速发展的经济和人民解放军想在各领域成为现代化军事力量的需求。在J-10之前，中国本土发展的战斗机只有基于60年代早期俄罗斯和欧洲技术的沈阳J-8和西安JH-7。
Engine development has lagged airframe development, with reports that the Shenyang WS-10 engine, slated to replace Russian engines in the J-11B, has been slow to reach acceptable reliability and durability levels. That may not be surprising, given that high-performance engine technology is founded on specialized alloys and processes that often have no other uses. (The existence of the J-11B, essentially a “bootleg” version of the Su-27, has been a strain on relationships between the Russian and Chinese industries.)
发动机的开发滞后于飞机本身，据报道，打算替换J-11B的俄制发动机的沈阳WS-10发动机尚未达到可接受的可靠性和稳定性水平。考虑到高性能发动机是基于专用合金和一系列特有工艺，这并不奇怪。（实际上是Su-27的盗版，J-11B的存在造成了中国和俄罗斯产业界的紧张关系）
Progress with avionics may be indicated by the advent of the J-10B, with new features that include a canted radar bulkhead (normally associated with an active, electronically scanned array antenna), an infrared search-and-track system, and housings for new electronic warfare antennas.
J-10B的出现代表了中国航空电子技术的发展，其具有的新功能包括前倾雷达罩（通常和主动电子扫描相控阵雷达相配套）、红外搜索跟踪系统和新的电子战天线荚舱。
One question that may go unanswered for a long time concerns the degree to which cyberespionage has aided the development of the J-20. U.S. defense industry cybersecurity experts have cited 2006—close to the date when the J-20 program would have started—as the point at which they became aware of what was later named the advanced persistent threat (APT), a campaign of cyberintrusion aimed primarily at military and defense industries and characterized by sophisticated infiltration and exfiltration techniques.
还有一个可能需要很久才能有答案的问题就是在J-20的开发中网络间谍活动起了多大的作用。美国工业间谍防范专家2006年指出——接近于J-20项目的启动时间——当时他们开始了解到一个后来被称为“先进持续威胁（APT）“的网络间谍计划，其目的主要针对军事和防务工业并具备成熟的渗透和信息筛选技术。
Dale Meyerrose, information security vice president for the Harris Corp. and former chief information officer for the director of national intelligence, told an Aviation Week cybersecurity conference in April 2010 that the APT had been little discussed outside the classified realm, up to that point, because “the vast majority of APT attacks are believed to come from a single country.”
Harris公司信息安全副总裁、前国家情报主管的首席信息官Dale Meyerrose告诉航空周刊，在2010年4月举行的网络安全会议上APT在机密范畴外很少被谈论，点到为止，因为“绝大多数APT的攻击据信都来自一个国家”。
Between 2009 and early 2010, Lockheed Martin found that “six to eight companies” among its subcontractors “had been totally compromised—e-mails, their networks, everything,” according to Chief Information Security Officer Anne Mullins.
2009年到2010年初，洛克希德马丁公司发现其分包商中有“6到8家公司已经完全被攻陷——电子邮件、他们的网络和其他所有的东西“，据该公司首席信息安全官Anne Mullins透露。
The way in which the J-20 was unveiled also reflects China’s use and control of information technology to support national interests. The test airfield is located in the city of Chengdu and is not secure, with many public viewing points. Photography is technically forbidden, but reports suggest that patrols have been permitting the use of cell phone cameras. From Dec. 25 29, these images were placed on Chinese Internet discussion boards, and after an early intervention by censors—which served to draw attention to the activity—they appeared with steadily increasing quality. Substantial international attention was thereby achieved without any official disclosures.
J-20被透露的方式也反映了中国通过使用和控制信息技术来支持国家利益。测试机场位于成都市而且并不保密，有很多公众可以看得到。摄影在技术上是被禁止的，但据称巡逻人员允许用手机拍照。从12月25日到29日，在最初被屏蔽后，这些照片涌现于中国各互联网论坛——不断引发对这个事件的关注——这些照片看上去质量不断提高。在没有任何官方发布的情况下达到了高度的国际关注。 |
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