A Practical Handbook of

bitgyn

1 Introduction
2 Speech Production
2.1 The Speech Chain
2.2 Articulation
2.2.1 Excitation
2.2.2 Vocal Tract
2.2.3 Phonemes
2.3 Source-Filter Model
3 Speech Analysis Techniques
3.1 Sampling the Speech Waveform
3.2 Systems and Filtering
3.3 Z-Transform
3.4 Fourier Transform
3.5 Discrete Fourier Transform
3.5.1 Fast Fourier Transform
3.6 Windowing Signal Segments
4 Linear Prediction Vocal Tract Modeling
4.1 Sound Propagation in the Vocal Tract
4.1.1 Multiple-Tube Model
4.2 Estimation of LP Parameters
4.2.1 Autocorrelation Method of Parameter Estimation
4.2.2 Covariance Method
4.3 Transformations of LP Parameters for Quantization
4.3.1 Log Area Ratios
4.3.2 Line Spectral Frequencies
4.4 Examples of LP Modeling
5 Pitch Extraction
5.1 Autocorrelation Pitch Estimation
5.1.1 Autocorrelation of Center-Clipped Speech
5.1.2 Cross Correlation
5.1.3 Energy Normalized Correlation
5.2 Cepstral Pitch Extraction
5.3 Frequency-Domain Error Minimization
5.4 Pitch Tracking
5.4.1 Median Smoothing
5.4.2 Dynamic Programming Tracking
6 Auditory Information Processing
6.1 The Basilar Membrane: A Spectrum Analyzer
6.2 Critical Bands
6.3 Thresholds of Audibility and Detectability
6.4 Monaural Masking
6.4.1 Simultaneous Masking in Frequency
6.4.2 Temporal Masking
7 Quantization and Waveform Coders
7.1 Uniform Quantization
7.1.1 Uniform Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)
7.2 Nonlinear Quantization
7.2.1 Nonuniform Pulse Code Modulation
7.3 Differential Waveform Coding
7.3.1 Predictive Differential Coding
7.3.2 Delta Modulation
7.4 Adaptive Quantization
7.4.1 Adaptive Delta Modulation
7.4.2 Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation (ADPCM)
7.5 Vector Quantization
7.5.1 Distortion Measures
7.5.2 Codebook Training
7.5.3 Complexity Reduction Approaches
7.5.4 Predictive Vector Quantization
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