Receiver Design For Wideband CDMA Communication Systems

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【文件名】:0752@52RD_Receiver Design For Wideband CDMA Communication Systems.pdf
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Contents
List of abbreviations xi
List of gures xv
Introduction 1
1 An Overview of the 3G Systems and of CDMA 7
1.1 Spread spectrum techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.2 DS-CDMA as a multiple access technique . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.3 Introduction to mobile cellular networks . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.4 3G spectrum allocations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.5 Standardization bodies of the 3G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.5.1 Standardization of 3G in Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.5.2 Standardization of 3G in Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.5.3 Standardization of 3G in South Korea . . . . . . . . . 12
1.5.4 Standardization of 3G in United States . . . . . . . . . 13
1.5.5 Creation of 3GPP and 3GPP2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.5.6 IMT2000 inside ITU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.6 Evolution of GSM towards UMTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.7 Brief overview of UTRA-WCDMA FDD air interface . . . . . 15
1.7.1 Physical channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.7.2 Downlink frame structure of the DPCHs . . . . . . . 16
1.7.3 Downlink spreading and modulation . . . . . . . . . 16
1.7.3.1 Channelization codes: . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.7.3.2 Scrambling codes: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.7.4 Uplink frame structure of DPCHs . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.7.5 Uplink spreading and modulation . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.7.6 Power control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.7.7 Handover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
v
vi Contents
2 System Description and General Tools 21
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.2 Mathematical model of observed data . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.3 First class: deterministic parameter estimation . . . . . . . . 22
2.3.1 Cram´er-Rao lower Bound (CRLB) . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.3.1.1 Introduction: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.3.1.2 CRLB theorem: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.3.2 Rao-Blackwell-Lehmann-Scheffe (RBLS) theorem . . 23
2.3.2.1 Introduction: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.3.2.2 Sufcient Statistics: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.3.2.3 Completeness of a sufcient statistic: . . . . 24
2.3.2.4 RBLS theorem: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.3.3 Linear unbiased estimator (Gauss-Markov theorem) . 25
2.3.4 Maximum likelihood estimator . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.3.4.1 Introduction: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.3.4.2 The ML criterion: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.3.4.3 Asymptotic properties of the MLE: . . . . . 26
2.3.4.4 Numerical determination of the MLE: . . . 26
2.3.5 Least squares estimators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.4 Second class: random parameter estimation . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.4.1 Minimum mean square error estimator . . . . . . . . 27
2.4.2 Maximum a posteriori estimator . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.4.3 Linear MMSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.5 The system model under consideration . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.5.1 Channel model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.5.2 General system model for long code DS-CDMA uplink 30
2.5.3 General system model for long code DS-CDMA Downlink
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
3 Downlink Performance Analysis of a BPSK Based WCDMA Using
Conventional Rake Receivers with Channel Estimation 33
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.2 System model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.3 Bit error probabilities for BPSK modulation . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.4 Generalization of BER computation to QPSK modulation . . 45
3.5 Channel tap weight estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.5.1 Averaging estimator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.5.2 Joint Channel Tap Weight Estimation . . . . . . . . . 48
3.6 Cram´er-Rao lower bound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.7 Mean squared estimation error . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
Contents vii
3.8 Computational results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
3.9 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
4 Performance Analysis of Joint EM/SAGE Estimation and Multistage
Detection in a UTRA-WCDMA Uplink 67
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
4.2 System model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
4.3 Multipath channel parameter estimation . . . . . . . . . . . 73
4.3.1 Introduction to the EM algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . 74
4.3.2 Multipath channel estimation using EM algorithm . . 74
4.3.2.1 E-step . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
4.3.2.2 M-step . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
4.4 Multistage detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
4.5 CRLB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
4.6 MSEE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
4.7 Computational results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
4.7.1 Perfect knowledge of the path delays . . . . . . . . . 87
4.7.2 Imperfect knowledge of path delays and tap weights 91
4.8 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
5 Design and Performance Analysis ofDAandDDMultiuser Channel
Parameter Estimators for Short Code DS-CDMA Systems 97
5.1 Design and Performance analysis of DA and DD multiuser
path delay trackers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
5.1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
5.1.2 System model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
5.1.3 DA ML delay estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
5.1.4 DA - EL Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
5.1.5 Performance of the DA EL synchronizer . . . . . . . . 104
5.1.5.1 S-curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
5.1.5.2 Jitter variance of the DA EL synchronizer . 105
5.1.6 Performance of the DD EL synchronizer . . . . . . . . 109
5.1.6.1 S-curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
5.1.6.2 Jitter variance of the DD EL synchronizer . 111
5.1.7 Cram´er-Rao Lower Bound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
5.1.8 Computational results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
5.2 Performance analysis of DA and DD ML complex gain estimation
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
5.2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
5.2.2 ML channel tap weight estimation . . . . . . . . . . . 121
viii Contents
5.2.3 Feedforward estimators for the complex gains . . . . 123
5.2.4 Averaging estimator (Av) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
5.2.5 Combined averaging and single user decorrelating
estimators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
5.2.6 CombinedAveraging and multiuser decorrelating estimators
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
5.2.7 Mean squared estimation error . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
5.2.8 Cram´er-Rao Lower Bound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
5.2.9 Numerical results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
5.3 The impact of complex gain estimation on the improved recovery
loops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
5.4 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
6 Design of DA and DD Multiuser Channel Estimators for Long
Code DS-CDMA Systems 141
6.1 Design of multiuser path delay trackers . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
6.1.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
6.1.2 Model of long code DS-CDMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
6.1.3 DA ML Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
6.1.4 DA - EL Implementation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
6.1.5 Performance of the DA EL synchronizer . . . . . . . . 148
6.1.5.1 S-curve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
6.1.5.2 Jitter variance of the DA EL synchronizer . 149
6.1.6 Performance of the DD EL synchronizer . . . . . . . . 150
6.1.7 Cram´er-Rao Lower Bound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
6.1.8 Computational results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
6.2 Performance analysis of DA and DD ML complex gain estimation
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
6.2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
6.2.2 ML channel tap weight estimation . . . . . . . . . . . 157
6.2.3 Feedforward estimators for the complex gains . . . . 158
6.2.4 Averaging estimator (Av) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158
6.2.5 Combined averaging and single/multi-user linear zero
forcing estimators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
6.2.6 Cram´er-Rao Lower Bound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
6.2.7 Performance evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
6.3 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
Conclusions 167
Contents ix
A Loop Noise Correlation Functions for Short Codes 173
A.1 Derivation of the Log-likelihood function . . . . . . . . . . . 173
A.2 DA Uplink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
A.2.1 First case q 2 I and Jk = f1; ::;Lg . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
A.2.2 Second case q 6 2 and Jk = f1; : : : ;Lg . . . . . . . . . 176
A.3 DD Uplink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
A.3.1 First case q 2 I and Jk = f1; ::Lg . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
A.3.2 Second case q 6 2I and Jk = f1; : : : ;Lg . . . . . . . . . 179
A.4 DA TED in the downlink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
A.5 DD TED in the downlink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
B Loop Noise Correlation Functions for Long Codes 185
B.1 Derivation of the Log-likelihood function . . . . . . . . . . . 185
B.2 DA Uplink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
B.2.1 First case q 2 I and Jk = f1; : : : ;Lg . . . . . . . . . . 187
B.2.2 Second case q 6 2I and Jk = f1; : : : ;Lg . . . . . . . . . 188
B.3 DD Uplink . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
B.3.1 First case q 2 I and Jk = f1; : : : ;Lg . . . . . . . . . . 190
B.3.2 Second case q 6 2I, Jq = ; and Jk = f1; : : : ;Lg . . . . 190
C Curriculum vitae 191
Bibliography 195

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