Fundamentals of RF Circuit Design with Low Noise Oscillators

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Contents
Preface xiii
1 Transistor and Component Models at Low and High 1
Frequencies
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Transistor Models at Low Frequencies 2
1.2.1 ‘T’ Model 2
1.2.2 The π Transistor Model 6
1.3 Models at High Frequencies 6
1.3.1 Miller Effect 12
1.3.2 Generalised ‘Miller Effect’ 13
1.3.3 Hybrid π Model 15
1.4 S Parameter Equations 19
1.5 Example Calculations of S21 20
1.5.1 Medium Current RF Transistor – 10 mA 20
1.5.2 Lower Current Device – 1 mA 23
1.6 Common Base Amplifier 26
1.7 Cascode 28
1.8 Large Signal Modelling – Harmonic and Third Order Intermodulation 30
Distortion
1.8.1 Common Emitter Distortion 30
1.8.2 Third Order Intermodulation Products 321.8.3 Differential Amplifier 35
1.9 Distortion Reduction Using Negative Feedback 40
1.10 RF MOSFETs 42
1.10.1 Small Signal Analysis 43
1.10.2 Capacitive Terms 43
1.10.3 Transition Frequency fT 44
1.10.4 MOSFETs y Parameters 44
1.10.5 Dual Gate MOSFETs 45
1.11 Diode Detectors 48
1.11.1 Minimum Detectable Signal Level – Tangential Sensitivity 52
1.12 Varactor Diodes 52
1.13 Passive Components 53
1.13.1 Resistors 54
1.13.2 Capacitors 56
1.13.3 Inductors 58
1.14 References and Bibliography 62
2 Two Port Network Parameters 63
2.1 Introduction 63
2.2 Impedance Parameters 66
2.3 Admittance Parameters 68
2.4 Hybrid Parameters 70
2.5 Parameter Conversions 71
2.6 Travelling Wave and S Parameters 73
2.6.1 Revision of Transmission Lines 73
2.6.2 Transmission Lines (Circuit Approach) 76
2.6.3 Characteristic Impedance 79
2.6.4 Impedance Along a Line Not Terminated in Z0 80
2.6.5 Non Ideal Lines 82
2.6.6 Standing Wave Ratio (SWR) 82
2.7 Scattering Parameters 82
2.7.1 Example Calculation Using S Parameters 872.7.2 Simpler Method for Calculating S Parameters 88
2.7.3 S Parameter Summary 91
2.8 Attenuators (Pads) 92
2.9 Questions 93
2.10 Bibliography 96
3 Small Signal Amplifier Design and Measurement 97
3.1 Introduction 97
3.2 Amplifier Design Using Admittance Parameters 98
3.2.1 Stability 99
3.2.2 Amplifier Gain 101
3.2.3 Unilateral Assumption 103
3.3 Tapped LC Matching Circuits 104
3.3.1 Tapped C Design Example 109
3.4 Selectivity and Insertion Loss of the Matching Network 111
3.5 Dual Gate MOSFET Amplifiers 115
3.6 Noise 117
3.6.1 Noise Temperature 125
3.6.2 Noise Measurement System 126
3.7 Amplifier Design Using S Parameters and the Smith Chart 130
3.7.1 Smith Chart 130
3.7.2 Input and Output Impedance 134
3.7.3 Stability 135
3.7.4 Gain 139
3.7.5 Simultaneous Conjugate Match 141
3.7.6 Narrow Band Matching Using the Smith Chart for 143
Unilateral Amplifier Design
3.7.7 LC Matching Networks 144
3.7.8 Transmission Line Matching Networks 146
3.7.9 Smith Chart Design Examples 146
3.7.10 Amplifier Problems 155
3.8 Broadband Feedback Amplifiers 1563.8.1 Broadband Design Examples 163
3.9 DC Biasing 166
3.9.1 Bipolar Transistors 166
3.9.2 GaAs MESFET Biasing 170
3.10 Measurements and Error Correction 171
3.10.1 Network Analyser 171
3.10.2 Test Jig 172
3.10.3 Calibration and Error Correction 173
3.10.4 One Port Error Correction 174
3.14 References and Bibliography 177
4 Low Noise Oscillators 179
4.1 Introduction 179
4.2 Oscillator Noise Theories 180
4.3 Equivalent Circuit Model 181
4.4 The Effect of the Load 191
4.5 Optimisation for Minimum Phase Noise 191
4.5.1 Models Using Feedback Power Dissipated in the Source, 191
Resonator Loss and Input Resistance
4.5.2 Models Using Power at the Input as the Limited Power 192
4.5.3 Models Using Power Available at the Output as the Limited Power 192
4.5.4 Effect of Source Impedance on Noise Factor 194
4.6 Noise Equation Summary 195
4.7 Oscillator Designs 196
4.7.1 Inductor Capacitor Oscillators 196
4.7.2 SAW Oscillators 197
4.7.3 Transmission Line Oscillators 198
4.7.4 1.49 GHz Transmission Line Oscillator 201
4.7.5 900 MHz and 1.6 GHz Oscillators Using Helical Resonators 202
4.7.6 Printed Resonators with Low Radiation Loss 203
4.8 Tuning 204
4.8.1 Narrow Band Tuning 2044.8.2 Varactor Bias Noise 204
4.8.3 Tuning Using the Phase Shift Method 205
4.8.4 Degradation of Phase Noise with Open Loop Phase Error 205
4.8.5 Broadband Tuning 206
4.8.6 Tunable 3.5–6 GHz Resonator 207
4.8.7 X Band Tunable MMIC Resonator 208
4.9 Flicker Noise Transposition 209
4.10 Current Methods for Transposed Flicker Noise Reduction 211
4.10.1 RF Detection and LF Cancellation 211
4.10.2 Direct LF Reduction 213
4.10.3 Transposed Gain Oscillators 215
4.10.4 Transposed Flicker Noise Suppression Using Feedforward 218
Amplifiers in Oscillators
4.11 Non-linear CAD 222
4.12 Summary for Minimum Phase Noise 223
4.13 Detailed Design Example 224
4.14 Method for Measuring the Unloaded Q of Coils 2.30
4.15 References 231
5 Mixers 235
5.1 Introduction 235
5.2 Single Balanced Mixer (SBM) 237
5.3 Double Balanced Mixer (DBM) 239
5.4 Double Balanced Transistor Mixer 240
5.5 Double Balanced Diode Mixer 241
5.6 Important Mixer Parameters 244
5.6.1 Single Sideband Conversion Loss or Gain 244
5.6.2 Isolation 244
5.6.3 Conversion Compression 244
5.6.4 Dynamic Range 245
5.6.5 Two Tone Third Order Intermodulation Distortion 245
5.6.6 Third Order Intercept Poin5.7 Questions 247
5.8 Bibliography 247
6 Power Amplifiers 248
6.1 Introduction 248
6.2 Load Pull Techniques 249
6.3 Design Examples 252
6.3.1 Introduction 252
6.3.2 Switching Amplifiers 252
6.3.3 Class E Amplifiers 253
6.3.4 Broadband Class E Amplifers 256
6.3.5 Measurements 261
6.3.6 Non-linear Modelling 262
6.3.7 CAD of Input Matching Networks 267
6.3.8 Simulations of the Broadband Amplifiers 268
6.3.9 Load Angle Network 270
6.4 References and Bibliography 273
7 ‘Real Time’ Large Signal Modelling 274
7.1 Introduction 274
7.2 Simulator 275
7.3 Form 1 (firstform.frm) 280
7.4 Form 2 (secondform.frm) 285
7.5 Form 3 (thirdform.frm) 286
7.6 Module 1 (Module1.bas) 287
Index 288t 245
5.6.7 LO Drive Level 247
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