|
|
楼主 |
发表于 2006-7-12 16:03:00
|
显示全部楼层
Preface ........................................................................................................
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION AND REVIEW OF
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.5
SYSTEMS ANALYSIS BASICS ..............................................
Introduction ......................................................................................
1.1.1 Multiple Access Techniques ....................................................
1.1.2 Spread-Spectrum Techniques ...................................................
1.1.3 IS-95 System Capacity Issues ...................................................
1.1.4 Categories of Spread-Spectrum Systems ..................................
1.1.5 So, What Is CDMA? ................................................................
1.1.6 Battle of Jamming Power Versus Processing Gain ...................
Review of Linear Systems Analysis Fundamentals ............................
1.2.1 Linear Systems .........................................................................
1.2.2 Finite Impulse Response Filter ................................................
1.2.3 Fourier Series ...........................................................................
1.2.3.1 Trigonometric and Exponential Fourier Series ...........
1.2.3.2 Fourier Transform of a Periodic Function ..................
Sampling Theorems ...........................................................................
1.3.1 Sampling Theorem in the Frequency Domain ........................
1.3.2 Sampling Theorem in the Time Domain ................................
1.3.3 Sampling Theorem for Bandpass Waveforms ..........................
1.3.4 Discrete Time Filtering ...........................................................
Baseband Pulse Shaping for Bandlimited Transmission .....................
1.4.1 Bandlimited Waveforms for Digital Applications ....................
1.4.2 FIR Pulse Shaping in IS-95 ......................................................
Probability Functions ........................................................................
1.5.1 Probabilities .............................................................................
1.5.2 Probability Distribution Functions .........................................
1.5.3 Characteristic Function ...........................................................
1.5.4 Moment Generating Function .................................................
1.5.5 Correlation Functions and Power Spectra ...............................
1.5.6 Central Limit Theorem ...........................................................
1.5.7 Chernoff Bounds .....................................................................
1.5.8 The Narrowband Gaussian Random Process ..........................
1.5.8.1 Rayleigh Distributions ................................................
1 S.8.2 Rayleigh Fading ..........................................................
. .
. .
. . .
. .
. .
xix
1
1
3
7
10
14
18
21
24
24
33
36
36
37
41
41
43
47
49
52
53
58
64
68
70
84
87
94
105
107
114
115
118
viii CDMA Systems Engineering Handbook
1.5.8.3 Sinewave Plus Narrowband Gaussian
Random Process ................................................... 120
126
1.5.9 Chi-Squared Distributions ....................................................... 141
1.5.9.1 Central Chi-Squared Distribution ............................... 141
144
1.5.10 Lognormal Distributions ......................................................... 150
1.5.10.2 Moments of Lognormal RVs ..................................... 153
References ................................................................................................ 154
Appendix 1A Impulse Response of Ideal Filter #2 .................................... 158
Appendix 1B Integral of sinc Function ..................................................... 159
Appendix 1C Impulse Response RC Filter ............................................... 160
Appendix 1D Probability for a Difference of Chi-Squared RVs ............... 161
1.5.8.4 Modeling and Simulation of Bandpass Noise ..............
1.5.9.2 Noncentral Chi-Squared Distribution .........................
1.5.10.1 Probability Density Function of a Lognormal RV .... 152
. . .
CHAPTER 2: MOBILE RADIO
PROPAGATION CONSIDERATIONS ........................ 165
2.1 Overview of Propagation Theory and Models ....................................
2.1.1 Free-Space Propagation ...........................................................
2.1.2 Radio Horizon and Propagation Modes ..................................
2.1.2.1 Effect of the Atmosphere ............................................
2.1.2.2 Characterization of Terrain and Its Effects .................
2.1.2.3 Propagation Modes .....................................................
2.1.3 LOS and Diffraction Propagation Modes ................................
2.1.3.1 Propagation in the LOS Region ..................................
2.1.3.2 Diffraction Over Terrain and Buildings ......................
2.1.4 Empirical Propagation Formulas .............................................
2.1.4.1 Hata and CCIR Formulas ...........................................
2.1.5 Computer Propagation Loss Models .......................................
2.1.5.1 The Longley-Rice and TIREM Models .......................
2.1.6 The Use of Propagation Models in Cellular Design ................
2.1.6.1 Numerical Example of a Propagation Loss Contour ..
2.1.6.2 Coverage Area Versus Maximum Tolerable
Propagation Loss ..................................................
The Mobile Radio Environment .......................................................
2.2.1 Channel Models ......................................................................
2.2.1.1 Delay-Spread Function ................................................
2.1.4.2 Walfisch-Ikegami Formula ..........................................
2.1 S.2 Comparison of WIM and Longley-Rice ......................
2.2
165
165
167
168
171
175
177
177
184
186
187
190
199
199
202
205
207
210
215
215
216
Table of Contents ix
2.2.1.2 Frequency Transfer Function .....................................
2.2.1.3 Doppler-Spread Function ............................................
2.2.2 Fading and Fade Rate ..............................................................
2.2.2.2 Commonly Used Fading Terms ..................................
2.2.2.3 Fade Rate and Vehicular Speed ...................................
2.2.3 Lognormal Shadowing ............................................................
References ..................................................................................................
Appendix 2A Details of Propagation Loss For Irregular Terrain ..............
2A.2 LOS Path Loss .........................................................................
2A.3 Diffraction Loss .......................................................................
Appendix 2B Derivation of Fade Rate and Duration Formulas ................
2.2.1.4 Combined Delay Spread and Doppler Spread .............
2.2.2.1 Characterization of the Random Fading Channel ......
2A.l Angles of Elevation ..................................................................
221
224
226
229
229
234
237
247
248
251
251
253
254
256
CHAPTER 3: BASIC CELLULAR SYSTEMS ENGINEERING ............ 265
3.1 Review of Telephone Traffic Theory ................................................ 265
3.1.1 Telephone Connectivity .......................................................... 265
3.1.2 Traffic Load and Trunk Size ................................................... 266
3.1.3 Erlang B Statistics .................................................................... 267
The Cellular Concept ........................................................................ 274
3.2.1 Expansion of Mobile System Capacity
3.2.2 Cell Geometry ......................................................................... 277
3.2.2.1 Cellular Coordinate Systems ....................................... 279
282
. .
3.2
Through Frequency Reuse ................................... 275
3.2.2.2 Clusters of Hexagonal Cells ........................................
3.2.2.3 Locations of Interfering Cells ...................................... 284
3.2.3 Selection of Cluster Size .......................................................... 287
3.2.3.1 Interference Ratio Versus Cluster Size ........................ 288
3.2.3.2 Tradeoff of Interference Ratio and
Spectral Efficiency ................................................ 293
3.2.4 Cell Splitting and Base Station Power .....................................
3.3 Coverage and Capacity in Cellular Systems ...................................... 302
. .
296
3.2.5 AMPS Parameters .................................................................... 299
3.3.1 Coverage Limits ...................................................................... 302
303
3.3.1.2 Receiver Noise Calculation ......................................... 304
3.3.1.3 Maximum Tolerable Propagation Loss ....................... 304
3.3.2 Coverage Versus Capacity ....................................................... 305
. .
3.3.1.1 Generic Cellular System Link Budget .........................
X COMA Systems Engineering Handbook
3.3.2.1 Link Margin for the Coverage-Limited Case ...............
3.3.2.3 Reverse Link C/I and C/N
as Functions of System Loading ...........................
3.3.2.4 System Coverage Versus Traffic Load .........................
References ................................................................................................
Appendix 3A Demonstration That the Form of Pk
Satifies the Equations ............................................
Appendix 3B Moments for the Erlang B Distribution ..............................
Appendix 3C Summary of Blocking Formulas .........................................
3.3.2.2 Determination of Multicell Margin Requirements ......
. .
306
309
317
321
328
329
330
331
CHAPTER 4: OVERVIEW OF THE IS-95 STANDARD ....................... 333
4.1 Coordination of Frequency and Time ............................................... 335
4.1.2 System Time ............................................................................ 338
Forward Link CAI Summary ..................................................
4.1.1 Cellular Frequency Bands and Channels ................................. 336
4.2 Description of Forward Link Operations ......................................... 340
4.2.1 340
4.2.2 Orthogonal Multiplexing Scheme ........................................... 341
4.2.3 Forward Link Channels .......................................................... 343
4.2.3.1 Pilot Channel and Quadrature PN Codes ................... 344
4.2.3.3 Paging Channels .......................................................... 350
4.2.3.4 Traffic Channels ......................................................... 353
Description of Reverse Link Operations ........................................... 356
4.3.1 Reverse Link CAI Summary ................................................... 356
4.3.2 Multiple Access Scheme .......................................................... 357
4.3.3 Reverse Link Channels ............................................................ 360
4.3.3.1 Access Channel ........................................................... 360
4.3.3.2 Reverse Traffic Channel .............................................. 362
4.3.4 Comparison of Forward and Reverse Links ............................ 366
4.4 Special Features of the IS-95 System .................................................. 367
4.4.1 Power Control ........................................................................ 368
4.4.1.1 Open-Loop Power Control ......................................... 369
4.4.1.2 Closed-Loop Power Control ....................................... 371
4.4.1.3 Forward Link Power Control ..................................... 373
4.4.3 Diversity and Handoff ............................................................. 388
References ................................................................................................ 397
4.2.3.2 Synchronization Channel ........................................... 347
4.3
4.4.2 Interleaving Techniques .......................................................... 374
Appendix 4A Theory of Interleaving ........................................................ 398
Table of Contents xi
4A.1 Block Interleaving ....................................................................
4A.2 Convolutional Interleaving ......................................................
4A.3 Comparison of Block and Convolutional Interleaving ............
4A.4 Interleaver Design ....................................................................
Appendix 4B Hash Function Used in IS-95 ...............................................
4B.1 Review of the Golden Ratio and Fibonacci Numbers ..............
4B.2 Hash Function Example ...........................................................
4B.3 The IS-95 Hash Function .........................................................
4B.4 IS-95 Random Number Generator ...........................................
CHAPTER 5: WALSH FUNCTIONS AND CRC CODES ..................
398
399
404
405
407
409
411
414
418
425
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
5.9
Definition of the Walsh Functions .................................................... 426
Walsh Sequence Specifications (Instant Walsh Functions) ................ 430
Walsh Function Generation .............................................................. 433
5.3.2 Walsh Function Generation Using Hadamard Matrices .......... 443
5.3.3 Finite Fields ............................................................................. 447
5.3.4 Vector Spaces ........................................................................... 452
5.3.5 Walsh Function Generation Using Basis Vectors .................... 456
Orthogonal Walsh Functions for CDMA Appl' ications ' .................... 461
5.4.1 Walsh Functions Used in the Forward Link ............................ 461
467
Walsh Function Decoding ................................................................. 468
5.5.2 Fast Walsh Transform Decoding ............................................. 474
5.3.1 Walsh Function Generation Using Rademacher Functions ..... 438
5.4.2 Walsh Functions Used in the Reverse Link .............................
5.5.1 Correlation Decoding .............................................................. 469
IS-95 Data Frames .............................................................................. 478
Linear Block Codes ........................................................................... 480
5.7.1 Parity Check Matrix ................................................................ 488
5.7.2 Concept of Syndrome and Error Detection ............................
5.7.3 Hamming Codes ..................................................................... 501
5.8.1 Systematic Cyclic Codes .......................................................... 510
5.8.2 Encoders for Cyclic Codes ...................................................... 513
494
Cyclic Codes ..................................................................................... 504
5.8.3 Syndrome Calculation by Shift Register Circuits
for Error Detection ............................................... 521
Binarv BCH Codes ............................................................................ 527
5.10 Frame and Message Structure Quality Indicators .............................. 531
5.10.1 CRC Computations for the Forward Link Channels ........... 533
5.10.2 CRC Computations for the Reverse Link Channels ............. 538
xii CDMA Systems Engineering Handbook
References ................................................................................................
CHAPTER 6: THEORY AND APPLICATION OF
6.1
6.2
PSEUDONOISE SEQUENCES ............................................
Properties of Pseudonoise Sequences .................................................
Extension Galois Fields and Primitive Polynomials ..........................
6.2.1 Roots of Primitive Polynomials
and Maximal-Length Sequences ............................
6.2.2 Reciprocal Polynomials
and Tables of Irreducible Polynomials .................
6.2.3 Mechanization of Linear Feedback Shift Registers
for Binary Irreducible Primitive Polynomials .......
6.2.4 State Vector Variations for PN Sequence Phase Shifts ............
Shift Register Implementation of PN Sequences ...............................
6.3.1 Shift Register Generators With Special Loading Vectors .........
6.3.2 Derivation of Sequences at the MSRG Outputs ......................
6.3.3 The Use of Masks To Select a Sequence Phase Shift ................
6.3.4 Relationship Between the Mask and the Sequence Shift
for Arbitrary Shift Register Loading., ...................
6.3.4.1 Five-Stage MSRG Example .........................................
6.3.4.2 PN Sequences Specified in IS-95 ..................................
6.3.4.3 Example Short PN Code Masks ..................................
of Binary Sequences ..............................................
6.4.1 Correlation Function for Real-Time Signals ............................
6.4.2 Partial Correlation Functions of PN Sequences .......................
6.4.3 Spectral Properties of Binary Sequence Waveforms .................
Operations on Maximal-Length Sequences ........................................
6.5.1 Orthogonalization ...................................................................
6.5.2 Decimation of PN Sequences ..................................................
6.6 Gold Codes ........................................................................................
6.6.1 The Cross-Correlation Problem ..............................................
6.6.2 Gold Codes and GPS Signal Structure .....................................
References ................................................................................................
Appendix 6A Inductive Proof of the Fact That g(s) = s*(s) ...................
Appendix 6B Computer Programs ............................................................
6B.1 Program for Computing the Shift K ........................................
6B.2 Program for Computing zKModulo f (z) ................................
6B.3 Program for Computing Long PN Code Transition Matrix ....
Appendix 6C Proof of Correlation Function Theorem ............................
6.3
6.4 Autocorrelation and Cross-Correlation Properties
6.5 . .
540
543
543
546
553
559
562
572
576
578
584
589
593
605
611
618
624
629
635
639
644
644
649
654
656
663
665
666
668
668
669
670
672
... Table of Contents Xlll
Appendix 6D Extension of Correlation Theorem to Bandlimited Pulses 673
CHAPTER 7: MODULATION AND DEMODULATION
OF IS-95 SPREAD-SPECTRUM SIGNALS ........................... 677
7.1 Likelihood Function .......................................................................... 677
7.1.1 Vector Representation of the Waveforms ............................... 679
7.1.2 Optimal Receiver Principles for Gaussian Channels ............... 687
7.1.3 Correlation Receivers .............................................................. 690
7.1.4 Matched Filter Receivers ......................................................... 693
7.1.5 Performance Evaluations for
M-ary Communications in AWGN ...................... 699
7.1.6 Union Bound on the Probability of Error of M-ary . . Communications Systems ..................................... 705
7.2 Modulation Schemes Used in the IS-95 System ................................. 713
7.2.1 Forward Link ........................................................................... 714
7.2.1.1 Error Performance of Forward Link Channel
7.2.1.2 Error Performance of Forward Link Channel
Symbols in AWGN .............................................. 720
727
7.2.2 Reverse Link ............................................................................ 728
7.2.2.1 Noncoherent Signal Processing ................................... 728
7.2.2.2 Envelope Detection Receiver for M-ary
Symbols in Rayleigh Fading .................................
. . Communications System ...................................... 736
Rayleigh Fading .................................................... 746
7.2.2.3 Noncoherent Binary Orthogonal System ................... 740
7.2.2.4 Noncoherent Binary Orthogonal System in
7.2.2.5 IS-95 CDMA Reverse Link M-ary Orthogonal
7.2.2.6 Optimal Demodulation for IS-95
Modulation Scheme .............................................. 746
Reverse Link Waveforms ...................................... 750
7.2.2.7 Reverse Link Performance in Rayleigh Fading ...........
QPSK Versus BPSK ........................................................................... 763
7.3.1 Analysis of a BPSK CDMA System ......................................... 763
7.3.2 Analysis of a QPSK CDMA System., ...................................... 769
7.3.3 Comparison of BPSK, QPSK Variances ..................................
7.4.2 Initial Sequence Phase Acquisition ........................................... 782
7.4.3 Code Tracking With a Delay-Lock Loop ............................... 790
761
7.3
773
7.4 PN Code Acquisition and Tracking .................................................. 774
7.4.1 Review of Correlation Operations ........................................... 777
xiv CDMA Systems Engineering Handbook
7.4.3.1 Full-Time Noncoherent DLL Tracking ...................... 794
7.4.3.2 Full-Time Coherent DLL Tracking ............................ 800
7.4.4 TDL Tracking ......................................................................... 803
7.5 Shaped Versus Unshaped PN Sequences foi Despreading ................. 806
7.5.1 Analysis of the Effect of Pulse Shape at the Receiver .............. 806
7.5.2 Simulated Comparison of the Energies Accumulated .............. 810
References ................................................................................................ 814
816
Appendix 7B Average of BPSK Error Probability .................................... 822
Appendix 7C Parameters of Integrated White Noise ................................ 823
Appendix 7D Details of BPSK and QPSK Variances ................................ 827
Appendix 7E Acquisition Decision Noise Terms ...................................... 834
Appendix 7A The Gram-Schmidt Orthogonalization Procedure .............
CHAPTER 8: CONVOLUTIONAL CODES AND THEIR
8.1 Introduction ......................................................................................
8.2 Convolutional Codes ........................................................................
8.2.1 Convolutional Encoders ..........................................................
8.2.2 Encoder Connection Vector Representation ...........................
8.2.3 Encoder Impulse Response Representation .............................
8.2.4 Polynomial Representation of the Encoder .............................
8.2.5 State Representation of the Encoder ........................................
8.2.6 Tree Diagram for a Convolutional Encoder ............................
8.2.7 Trellis Diagram for a Convolutional Encoder .........................
Maximum Likelihood Decoding of Convolutional Codes ................
8.3.1 Minimum Hamming Distance Decoding Rule ........................
8.3.2 Viterbi Decoding Algorithm ...................................................
8.3.3 Distance Properties of Convolutional Codes ..........................
8.3.4 Transfer Functions of Convolutional Codes ...........................
8.3.4.1 Systematic and Nonsystematic Convolutional Codes
8.3.4.2 Catastrophic Error Propagation
USE IN IS-95 .....................................................................
8.3
in Convolutional Codes ........................................
Performance Bounds for Viterbi Decoding of Convolutional Codes
8.4.2 Bit-Error Probability for the BSC .........................................
8.4.4 Bit-Error Probability Bounds for Soft-Decision
Viterbi Decoding ..................................................
8.4.5 Estimates of Coding Gains of Convolutional Codes ...............
Convolutional Codes Used in the IS-95 CDMA System ...................
8.4
8.4.1 Probability of Error Bounds for Hard Decision Decoding ......
8.4.3 Probability of Error Bounds for Soft-Decision Decoding ........
8.5
839
839
847
848
851
853
858
860
864
866
871
871
875
882
884
888
888
890
891
895
896
898
903
906
Table of Contents XY
8.5.1 Perforniance of the Convolutional Codes
Used in the IS-95 System ...................................... 909
916
References ................................................................................................ 922
8.5.2 Coding Gains Versus Constraint Length ................................. 913
8.5.3 Quantization of the Received Signal .......................................
Selected Bibbography ................................................................................. 924
Appendix 8A Proof of Q-Function Inequality .......................................... 925
. .
CHAPTER 9: DIVERSITY TECHNIQUES AND
RAKE PROCESSING ...................................................... 927
9.1 Introduction ...................................................................................... 927
9.3 Diversity Selection and Combining Techniques ............................... 930
9.3.1 Selection Diversity .................................................................. 930
9.3.1.1 Noncoherent M-ary Frequency-Shift Keying
(NCMFSK) .......................................................... 933
9.3.1.2 Noncoherent Binary Frequency-Shift Keying
(NCBFSK) ............................................................ 934
9.3.1.3 BPSK Modulation ....................................................... 935
9.3.1.4 7r/4 DQPSK Modulation System
With Differential Detection .................................. 937
9.3.2 Equal Gain Diversity Combining ............................................ 939
9.3.2.1 M-ary Noncoherent Orthogonal Modulation System 939
9.3.2.2 MFSK With Rayleigh Fading ...................................... 946
9.3.2.3 BPSK Modulation Under L-fold Diversity
With EGC Reception ........................................... 949
9.3.2.4 7r/4 DQPSK Modulation With Differential
Detection Under L -fold Diversity
9.2 Diversity Techniques ......................................................................... 928
With EGC Reception ........................................... 961
Optimal Diversity ................................................ 961
9.3.3 Maximal Ratio Combining Diversity Reception ..................... 964
9.3.3.1 Optimality Proof of MRC Diversity Reception .........
9.3.3.2 Example of MRC ........................................................
The Rake Receiver Concept .............................................................. 972
9.4.2 The Essence of Price and Green’s Rake Concept ....................
9.4.3 The Use of the Rake Concept in 6-95 ....................................
9.3.2.5 Noncoherent Binary Orthogonal System and
965
969
9.4.1 Basics of Rake Receiver Design ............................................... 974
976
981
References ................................................................................................ 982
9.4
xvi CDMA Systems Engineering Handbook
. . Selected Bibliography .................................................................................
Appendix 9A Derivation of M-ary Orthogonal Diversity Performances ..
9A . 1 Selection Diversity ..................................................................
9A.2 EGC Diversity Reception .......................................................
Appendix 9B Derivation of BPSK Diversity Performances ......................
9B.1 Selection Diversity ..................................................................
9B.2 EGC Diversity Reception .......................................................
Appendix 9C Derivation of n/4 DQPSK Diversity Performances ...........
9C.1 Selection Diversity Performance .............................................
9C.2 EGC Diversity Reception .......................................................
984
987
987
988
992
992
993
997
997
999
CHAPTER 10: CDMA CELLULAR SYSTEM DESIGN
AND ERLANG CAPACITY ......................................... 1001
10.1 CDMA Cells ..................................................................................... 1001
10.1.1 Forward Link Cochannel Interference ................................... 1002
10.1.1.1 Same-Cell Interference .............................................. 1002
10.1.1.2 Other-Cell Interference ............................................. 1005
10.1.2 Reverse Link Cochannel Interference .................................... 1012
10.1.2.1
10.1.2.2
10.1.2.3
10.1.2.4
10.1.2.5
Same-Cell Interference .............................................. 1012
Other-Cell Interference ............................................. 1013
CDMA Reuse Parameters ......................................... 1017
CDMA Capacity Revisited ....................................... 1018
CDMA Cell Loading ................................................. 1020
. .
10.1.3 Cell Size ................................................................................. 1022
10.1.3.1 Maximum Propagation Loss and the Cell Radius ...... 1023
10.1.3.2 Forward Link Power Budget ..................................... 1033
10.1.3.3 Reverse Link Power Budget ...................................... 1039
10.1.3.4 Link Balancing .......................................................... 1043
10.2 CDMA Link Reliability and Erlang Capacity ................................... 1048
10.2.1 Link Reliability and Link Margin ......................................... 1048
10.2.1.1 Link Margin for No Interference .............................. 1049
10.2.1.2 Link Margin and Power Control .............................. 1051
10.2.1.3 Margin Required With Interference .......................... 1052
10.2.1.4 Margin for Diversity Reception and Soft Handoff .... 1053
10.2.1.5 Reliable Signal Level .................................................. 1056
10.2.2 Erlang Capacity ...................................................................... 1057
10.2.2.1 Formulation of the Blocking Probability .................. 1058
10.2.2.2 Mean and Variance of 2 ............................................ 1061
10.2.2.3 CDMA Blocking Probability Formula
Table of Contents xvii
for Gaussian Assumptions .................................... 1064
10.2.2.4 CDMA Blocking Probability Formula
for Lognormal Assumptions ................................. 1070
10.2.2.5 Comparison of CDMA Blocking Probabilities ......... 1074
10.2.2.6 Erlang Capacity Comparisons of CDMA,
FDMA, and TDMA ............................................. 1078
10.2.2.7 Number of Subscribers During the Busy Hour ......... 1080
10.2.3.1 Required Received Signal Level as a Function
10.2.3 CDMA Area Coverage Analysis ............................................ 1081
10.2.3.2 Cell Radius as a Function of Cell Loading ................ 1089
10.2.3.3 Base Station Density .................................................. 1094
Appendix 1OA Analysis of Second-Order Reuse Fraction ......................... 1107
of Loading ............................................................. 1082
References ................................................................................................ 1103
CHAPTER 11: CDMA OPTIMIZATION ISSUES ................................ 1111
11.1 Selection of Pilot PN Code Offsets ................................................... 1112
11.1.1 The Role of PN Offsets in System Operation ....................... 1113
11.1.2 Pilot Offset Search Parameters ............................................... 1116
11.1.2.1 Effect of Multipath on Search Window ..................... 1120
11.1.2.2 Bounds on Relative Delays ........................................ 1121
11.1.2.3 IS-95 Search Window Parameters .............................. 1122
11.1.3 Selection of Offset Spacing ..................................................... 1124
11.2 Optimal Allocation of CDMA Forward Link Power ....................... 1129
11.2.1 Forward Link Channel SNR Requirements ........................... 1130
11.2.1.1 Pilot Channel ............................................................ 1130
11.2.1.2 Sync Channel ............................................................ 1131
11.2.1.3 Paging Channels ........................................................ 1131
11.2.1.4 Traffic Channels ........................................................ 1132
11.2.1.5 Interference and Noise Terms ................................... 1132
11.2.2 Total Forward Link Power .................................................... 1133
11.2.2.1 Forward Link Power Control Factor ........................ 1134
11.2.2.2 Net Losses on the Forward Link ............................... 1136
11.2.3 Solution for Forward Link Powers ........................................ 1137
11.2.3.1 Allocated Channel Power as a Fraction of
Total Power .......................................................... 1145
11.2.3.2 Parametric Variations in the Power Solutions ........... 1147
11.3 Selection of Forward Link Fade Margins .......................................... 1151
11.3.1 Limits on Receiver Margin ..................................................... 1153
xviii CDMA Systems Engineerina Handbook
11.3.1.1 Receiver and Transmitter Powers Under
11.3.1.2 Receiver and Transmitter Powers When
No Interference .................................................... 1154
There Is Interference ............................................. 1156
11.3.2 Numerical Examples of CDMA Margin ................................ 1158
11.3.2.1 Receiver Margin Versus Transmitter Margin ............ 1159
11.3.2.2 Receiver Margin Versus Total Forward Link Power 1162
11.4 Forward and Reverse Link Capacity Balancing ................................. 1162
11.4.1 Forward Link Capacity .......................................................... 1164
11.4.1.1 Asymptotic Forward Link Capacity ......................... 1164
11.4.1.2 Power-Limited Forward Link Capacity .................... 1167
11.4.2 Capacity Balancing ................................................................. 1170
11.5 Implementation of Forward Link Dynamic Power Allocation ......... 1178
References ................................................................................................ 1186
About the Authors ..................................................................................... 1187
Index .......................................................................................................... 1189 |
本帖子中包含更多资源
您需要 登录 才可以下载或查看，没有账号？注册
×
|
IP卡
狗仔卡
发表于 2006-7-12 15:59:00
提升卡
置顶卡
沉默卡
喧嚣卡
变色卡
显身卡