practical analog design techniques

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【简　介】:Practical Analog Design Techniques
【目　录】:
SECTION 1
SECTION 2
SECTION 3
SECTION 4
SECTION 5
SECTION 6
SECTION 7
SECTION 8
SECTION 9

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【简　介】:Over the last several years, single-supply operation has become an increasingly important requirement as systems get smaller, cheaper, and more portable.Portable systems rely on batteries, and total circuit power consumption is an important and often dominant design issue, and in some instances, more important than cost. This makes low-voltage/low supply current operation critical; at the same time, however, accuracy and precision requirements have forced IC manufacturers to meet the challenge of “doing more with less” in their amplifier designs.
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【简　介】:Modern system design increasingly makes use of high speed ICs as circuit building blocks. With bandwidths going up and up, demands are placed on the designer for faster and more power efficient circuits. The default high speed amplifier has changed over the years, with high speed complementary bipolar (CB) process ICs such as the AD846 and AD847 in use just about ten years at this writing. Duringthis time, the general utility/availability of these and other ICs have raised the “high speed” common performance denominator to 50MHz. The most recent extended
frequency complementary bipolar (XFCB) process high speed devices such as the AD8001/AD8002, the AD9631/9632 and the AD8036/AD8037 now extend the
operating range into the UHF region.
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【简　介】:The trend in ADCs and DACs is toward higher speeds and higher resolutions at reduced power levels. Modern data converters generally operate on ±5V (dual supply) or +5V (single supply). There are now a few converters which operate on a single +3V supply. This trend has created a number of design and applications problems which were much less important in earlier data converters, where ±15V supplies were the standard.
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【简　介】:Modern high speed sampling ADCs are designed to give low distortion and wide dynamic range in signal processing systems. Realization of specified performance levels depends upon a number of factors external to the ADC itself, including proper design of any necessary support circuitry. The analog input drive circuitry is especially critical, because it can degrade the inherent ADC dynamic performance if not designed properly.
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【简　介】:An exciting new application for wideband, low distortion ADCs is called undersampling, harmonic sampling, bandpass sampling, or Super-Nyquist Sampling. To understand these applications, it is necessary to review the basics of the sampling process.
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【简　介】:There are many applications for data acquisition systems in measurement and process control. All data acquisition applications involve digitizing analog signals for analysis using ADCs. In a measurement application, the ADC is followed by a digitalprocessor which performs the required data analysis. In a process control application, the process controller generates feedback signals which typically must be converted back into analog form using a DAC.
Although a single ADC digitizing a single channel of analog data constitutes a data acquisition system, the term data acquisition generally refers to multi-channel systems. If there is feedback from the digital processor, DACs may be required to convert the digital responses into analog. This process is often referred to as data distribution.
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【简　介】:One of the most commonly asked applications questions is: “What happens if external voltages are applied to an analog integrated circuit with the supplies turned off?” This question describes situations that can take on many different forms: from lightning strikes on cables which propagate very high transient voltages into signal conditioning circuits, to walking across a carpet and then touching a printed circuit board full of sensitive precision circuits. Regardless of the situation,the general issue is the effect of overvoltage stress (and, in some cases, abuse) on analog integrated circuits. The discussion which follows will be limited in general to operational amplifiers, because it is these devices that most often interface to the
outside world. The principles developed here can and should be applied to all analog integrated circuits which are required to condition or digitize analog waveforms.These devices include (but are not limited to) instrumentation amplifiers, analog comparators, sample-and-hold amplifiers, analog switches and multiplexers, and analog-to-digital converters.
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【简　介】:Dynamic range of an op amp may be defined in several ways. The most common ways are to specify Harmonic Distortion, Total Harmonic Distortion (THD), or Total Harmonic Distortion Plus Noise (THD + N).
Harmonic distortion is measured by applying a spectrally pure sinewave to an op amp in a defined circuit configuration and observing the output spectrum. The amount of distortion present in the output is usually a function of several
parameters: the small- and large-signal nonlinearity of the amplifier being tested,the amplitude and frequency of the input signal, the load applied to the output of the amplifier, the amplifier's power supply voltage, printed circuit board layout,grounding, power supply decoupling, etc. Therefore, any distortion specification is relatively meaningless unless the exact test conditions are specified.
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【简　介】:While there is no doubt that computer analysis is one of the most valuable tools that the analog designer has acquired in the last decade or so, there is equally no doubt that analog circuit models are not perfect and must be verified with hardware. If the initial test circuit or "breadboard" is not correctly constructed, it may suffer from malfunctions which are not the fault of the design but of the physical structure of the breadboard itself. This section considers the art of successful breadboarding of high performance analog circuits.
Real electronic circuits contain many "components" which were not present in the circuit diagram, but which are there because of the physical properties of
conductors, circuit boards, IC packages, etc. These components are difficult, if not impossible, to incorporate into computer modeling software, and yet they have substantial effects on circuit performance at high resolutions, or high frequencies, or both.
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