Microwave Circuits(free)

gxwinston

<Stability Analysis of
Nonlinear Microwave Circuits>
(英文)
作者：
Almudena Suárez
Raymond Quéré
Preface
Acknowledgments
1 Steady-State Solutions of Nonlinear Circuits
2 Nonlinear Analysis Techniques
3 Local Stability Analysis
4 Bifurcation Analysis of Nonlinear Circuits
5 Global Stability of Microwave Circuits
6 Bifurcation Routes to Chaos
About the Author
Index

Preface
The increasing use of high-frequency integrated circuits monolithic microwave
integrated circuits (MMICs) in modern communications systems requires an
accurate prediction of their response at the simulation stage because this technology
does not allow any circuit modification after manufacturing. The
microwave circuits are often designed using frequency-domain techniques, like
harmonic balance. With this technique, only the steady state is analyzed, and
the experimental solution may be very different from the simulated one. In
nonlinear circuits, two or more steady-state solutions of same or different types
may coexist for a given set of circuit-parameter values. The solutions may be
stable (physically observable) or unstable. Because the transient is not simulated,
harmonic balance can provide a solution towards which the system never
evolves in time. Thus, it requires complementary stability analysis tools.
The main purpose of the book is to give a deep insight into the dynamics
of the most common nonlinear microwave circuits without losing track of the
practical-designer objectives. It gives explanation of the operation principles of
circuits like tuned and synchronized oscillators, analog frequency dividers commonly
employed in high-frequency phase-locked loops, and other circuits with
complex behavior, like the self-oscillating mixers employed in the design of
small, low-consuming frequency converters. The book tackles many instability
problems encountered by circuit designers at the measurement stage. The
emphasis here is the understanding and practical usefulness of the different stability
concepts and the provision of stability-analysis techniques. More descriptions
and demonstrations are given in the mathematical references of the book.
xi
Chapter 1 presents the different kinds of solutions that the nonlinear circuits
may have, together with the essential concepts of local stability, global stability,
and bifurcation. The “safe” design and the design correction of
nonlinear circuits require general knowledge about their potentially very complex
behavior. The chapter presents detailed explanations about the mechanism
of the oscillation startup and the self-sustained oscillation or limit cycle. Other
common types of solutions are studied, like the self-oscillating mixing solutions
and the subharmonic and the chaotic solutions. Practical examples are shown.
The harmonic-balance technique is very efficient for the simulation of
circuits in forced regime (i.e., at the fundamental frequencies delivered by the
input generators, like amplifiers and mixers). However, its application to circuits
with self-oscillations and subharmonic components is more demanding.
On the one hand, there is a need for the user specification of the Fourierfrequency
basis. On the other hand, the physical circuit solution always coexists
with a trivial solution without self-oscillations or subharmonic components.
Unless special strategies are employed, convergence to the latter (and much
simpler) solutions will be obtained. The harmonic-balance technique, presented
in the Chapter 2, is oriented to circuits with autonomous, synchronized,
or subharmonic behavior. The proposed algorithms can be employed by the
user of commercial harmonic-balance software.
Especially when using harmonic balance, the physical observation of the
simulated solution must be verified through a complementary stability analysis.
In Chapter 3, a new open-loop technique for the stability-analysis of largesignal
regimes is presented. Objectives have been the accuracy and rigor and
the generality of application to circuits containing many nonlinear elements.
The techniques can also be externally implemented by the user in commercial
harmonic-balance programs. Although most of these programs provide tools
for the stability analysis of direct current (dc) solutions and linear regimes, they
do not usually include tools for the stability analysis of nonlinear large-signal
steady-state regimes, like that of a power amplifier or an analog frequency
divider.
The microwave-circuit designer usually requires knowledge about the
behavior of the circuit in a certain input frequency band or versus a bias voltage,
like in voltage-controlled oscillators (VCOs). Generator amplitudes or frequencies
and linear-element values are examples of circuit parameters. The
solution of a nonlinear circuit may undergo qualitative variations, or bifurcations,
when a parameter is modified. There are different types of bifurcations,
which are responsible for many commonly observed phenomena, such as undesired
hysteresis in VCOs or the onset of natural frequencies in power amplifiers.
In other cases, the bifurcations are necessary for obtaining a particular kind
xii Stability Analysis of Nonlinear Microwave Circuits
of operation, as in the case of analog frequency dividers, whose operating frequency
bands are determined by bifurcation phenomena. Chapter 4 presents
the different types of bifurcation from dc regimes, periodic regimes, and quasiperiodic
regimes. Different techniques for their detection from harmonicbalance
software are provided and illustrated with practical examples. The
techniques can be implemented in commercial harmonic balance. The aim of
the chapter is to help the reader prevent undesired solutions at the design stage
or to increase the parameter ranges with the desired behavior.
Because bifurcations delimit the operation bands of many nonlinear circuits,
the capability to detect them through simulation offers new possibilities
for an accurate and efficient design. Chapter 5 presents a parametric analysis of
complex circuits like self-oscillating mixers, analog frequency dividers, and
phase-locked loops. The parameters that are most likely to vary in design or
measurement are used in each case. The aim is to show what can generally be
expected in terms of operating ranges, stability problems, and undesired solutions.
Techniques for this parametric analysis, implementable on commercial
software, are provided.
Chaos is a kind of steady-state solution giving rise to continuous spectra,
at least for some frequency intervals. Due to this characteristic, it is often mistaken,
at the measurement stage, for an anomalous increase of the noise level.
Chaotic solutions are generally undesired by the microwave-circuit designer.
Due to the continuity of the spectra, they cannot be simulated through harmonic
balance. However, harmonic balance can be used to simulate the bifurcations
in the circuit solution that usually precede

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gxwinston

<Stability Analysis of
Nonlinear Microwave Circuits>
(英文)
作者：
Almudena Suárez
Raymond Quéré
Preface
Acknowledgments
1 Steady-State Solutions of Nonlinear Circuits
2 Nonlinear Analysis Techniques
3 Local Stability Analysis
4 Bifurcation Analysis of Nonlinear Circuits
5 Global Stability of Microwave Circuits
6 Bifurcation Routes to Chaos
About the Author
Index

Preface
The increasing use of high-frequency integrated circuits monolithic microwave
integrated circuits (MMICs) in modern communications systems requires an
accurate prediction of their response at the simulation stage because this technology
does not allow any circuit modification after manufacturing. The
microwave circuits are often designed using frequency-domain techniques, like
harmonic balance. With this technique, only the steady state is analyzed, and
the experimental solution may be very different from the simulated one. In
nonlinear circuits, two or more steady-state solutions of same or different types
may coexist for a given set of circuit-parameter values. The solutions may be
stable (physically observable) or unstable. Because the transient is not simulated,
harmonic balance can provide a solution towards which the system never
evolves in time. Thus, it requires complementary stability analysis tools.
The main purpose of the book is to give a deep insight into the dynamics
of the most common nonlinear microwave circuits without losing track of the
practical-designer objectives. It gives explanation of the operation principles of
circuits like tuned and synchronized oscillators, analog frequency dividers commonly
employed in high-frequency phase-locked loops, and other circuits with
complex behavior, like the self-oscillating mixers employed in the design of
small, low-consuming frequency converters. The book tackles many instability
problems encountered by circuit designers at the measurement stage. The
emphasis here is the understanding and practical usefulness of the different stability
concepts and the provision of stability-analysis techniques. More descriptions
and demonstrations are given in the mathematical references of the book.
xi
Chapter 1 presents the different kinds of solutions that the nonlinear circuits
may have, together with the essential concepts of local stability, global stability,
and bifurcation. The “safe” design and the design correction of
nonlinear circuits require general knowledge about their potentially very complex
behavior. The chapter presents detailed explanations about the mechanism
of the oscillation startup and the self-sustained oscillation or limit cycle. Other
common types of solutions are studied, like the self-oscillating mixing solutions
and the subharmonic and the chaotic solutions. Practical examples are shown.
The harmonic-balance technique is very efficient for the simulation of
circuits in forced regime (i.e., at the fundamental frequencies delivered by the
input generators, like amplifiers and mixers). However, its application to circuits
with self-oscillations and subharmonic components is more demanding.
On the one hand, there is a need for the user specification of the Fourierfrequency
basis. On the other hand, the physical circuit solution always coexists
with a trivial solution without self-oscillations or subharmonic components.
Unless special strategies are employed, convergence to the latter (and much
simpler) solutions will be obtained. The harmonic-balance technique, presented
in the Chapter 2, is oriented to circuits with autonomous, synchronized,
or subharmonic behavior. The proposed algorithms can be employed by the
user of commercial harmonic-balance software.
Especially when using harmonic balance, the physical observation of the
simulated solution must be verified through a complementary stability analysis.
In Chapter 3, a new open-loop technique for the stability-analysis of largesignal
regimes is presented. Objectives have been the accuracy and rigor and
the generality of application to circuits containing many nonlinear elements.
The techniques can also be externally implemented by the user in commercial
harmonic-balance programs. Although most of these programs provide tools
for the stability analysis of direct current (dc) solutions and linear regimes, they
do not usually include tools for the stability analysis of nonlinear large-signal
steady-state regimes, like that of a power amplifier or an analog frequency
divider.
The microwave-circuit designer usually requires knowledge about the
behavior of the circuit in a certain input frequency band or versus a bias voltage,
like in voltage-controlled oscillators (VCOs). Generator amplitudes or frequencies
and linear-element values are examples of circuit parameters. The
solution of a nonlinear circuit may undergo qualitative variations, or bifurcations,
when a parameter is modified. There are different types of bifurcations,
which are responsible for many commonly observed phenomena, such as undesired
hysteresis in VCOs or the onset of natural frequencies in power amplifiers.
In other cases, the bifurcations are necessary for obtaining a particular kind
xii Stability Analysis of Nonlinear Microwave Circuits
of operation, as in the case of analog frequency dividers, whose operating frequency
bands are determined by bifurcation phenomena. Chapter 4 presents
the different types of bifurcation from dc regimes, periodic regimes, and quasiperiodic
regimes. Different techniques for their detection from harmonicbalance
software are provided and illustrated with practical examples. The
techniques can be implemented in commercial harmonic balance. The aim of
the chapter is to help the reader prevent undesired solutions at the design stage
or to increase the parameter ranges with the desired behavior.
Because bifurcations delimit the operation bands of many nonlinear circuits,
the capability to detect them through simulation offers new possibilities
for an accurate and efficient design. Chapter 5 presents a parametric analysis of
complex circuits like self-oscillating mixers, analog frequency dividers, and
phase-locked loops. The parameters that are most likely to vary in design or
measurement are used in each case. The aim is to show what can generally be
expected in terms of operating ranges, stability problems, and undesired solutions.
Techniques for this parametric analysis, implementable on commercial
software, are provided.
Chaos is a kind of steady-state solution giving rise to continuous spectra,
at least for some frequency intervals. Due to this characteristic, it is often mistaken,
at the measurement stage, for an anomalous increase of the noise level.
Chaotic solutions are generally undesired by the microwave-circuit designer.
Due to the continuity of the spectra, they cannot be simulated through harmonic
balance. However, harmonic balance can be used to simulate the bifurcations
in the circuit solution that usually precede

【文件名】:0723@52RD_Stability Analysis of Nonlinear Microwave Circuits.part1.rar
【格　式】:rar
【大　小】:3857K
【简　介】:
【目　录】:

gxwinston

没人喜欢啊[em03]

vf1983cs

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wzg5006

下次给个中文翻译，或者英文介绍少点的

xdzyc

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yongzhichen

[em01][em01]