Wireless Communication Systems ---From RF Subsystems to 4G Enabling Technolog

qingkong0710

【文件名】:12225@52RD_WirelessRF.part1.rar
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【目　录】:1 Introduction 1
1.1 The wireless age 1
1.2 Spectrum of electromagnetic waves 2
1.3 Block diagram of a communication system 3
1.4 Architecture of radio transceivers 3
1.4.1 Super-heterodyne transceivers 4
1.4.2 Direct-conversion transceivers 5
1.5 Organization of the book 7
References 10
2 An overview of wireless communications 11
2.1 Roadmap of cellular communications 11
2.1.1 First-generation systems 11
2.1.2 Second-generation systems 12
2.1.3 Third-generation systems 14
2.1.4 Fourth-generation systems 18
2.1.5 Satellite communications 20
2.2 Mobile cellular networks 21
2.2.1 Circuit/packet switching 22
2.3 Roadmap for wireless networking 24
2.3.1 Wireless local-area networks 25
2.3.2 Wireless personal-area networks 26
2.3.3 Wireless metropolitan-area networks 28
2.3.4 Wireless regional-area networks 29
2.3.5 Ad hoc wireless networks 30
2.4 Other applications 32
2.4.1 Paging systems 32
2.4.2 Digital broadcasting systems 33
2.4.3 RF identification 33
viii Contents

2.5 Open systems interconnect (OSI) reference
model 34
Problems 37
References 38
3 Channel and propagation 39
3.1 Propagation loss 39
3.1.1 Free-space loss 39
3.1.2 Plane earth loss model 39
3.1.3 Okumura-Hata model 41
3.1.4 COST-231-Hata model 42
3.1.5 Other empirical models 43
3.1.6 COST-231-Walfisch-Ikegami model 43
3.1.7 Indoor propagation models 45
3.1.8 Channel models in wireless standards 46
3.2 Channel fading 48
3.2.1 Log-normal shadowing 48
3.2.2 Rayleigh fading 50
3.2.3 Two-path model of Rayleigh fading 53
3.2.4 Random frequency modulation 55
3.2.5 Ricean fading 56
3.2.6 Other fading models 58
3.2.7 Outage probability 58
3.3 Doppler fading 60
3.3.1 Doppler spectrum 60
3.3.2 Level crossing rates 63
3.3.3 Average duration of fades 64
3.4 WSSUS model 65
3.4.1 Delay spread 67
3.4.2 Correlation coefficient 68
3.4.3 Channel coherent bandwidth 69
3.4.4 Doppler spread and channel coherent time 70
3.4.5 Angle spread and coherent distance 71
3.5 Propagation mechanisms 73
3.5.1 Reflection and refraction 73
3.5.2 Scattering 75
3.5.3 Diffraction 76
3.6 Atmospheric effects 78
3.6.1 Tropospheric effects 79
3.6.2 Ionospheric effects 80
3.7 Channel sounding 82
Problems 84
References 86
ix Contents

4 Cellular and multiple-user systems 92
4.1 The cellular concept 92
4.1.1 Cell planning 93
4.1.2 Increasing capacity of cellular networks 95
4.1.3 Interference in multiuser systems 96
4.1.4 Power control 98
4.1.5 Channel assignment 98
4.1.6 Handoff 99
4.2 Multiple access techniques 101
4.2.1 Duplexing: FDD versus TDD 102
4.2.2 FDMA 104
4.2.3 TDMA 104
4.2.4 CDMA 105
4.2.5 OFDMA 106
4.2.6 SDMA 106
4.3 Random multiple access 108
4.3.1 ALOHA 108
4.3.2 Carrier-sense multiple access 109
4.3.3 Scheduling access 113
4.4 Erlang capacity in uplink 114
4.4.1 Erlang B equation 114
4.4.2 Erlang C equation 115
4.5 Protocol design for wireless networks 117
4.5.1 Layered protocol design 117
4.5.2 Cross-layer design 120
4.6 Quality of service 121
4.7 User location 123
Problems 126
References 128
5 Diversity 130
5.1 Diversity methods 130
5.2 Combining multiple signals 133
5.2.1 Selection diversity 134
5.2.2 Maximum ratio combining 137
5.2.3 Equal gain combining 143
5.2.4 Switch diversity 145
5.2.5 Optimum combining 145
5.3 Transmit diversity 148
5.3.1 Open-loop transmit diversity 149
5.3.2 Closed-loop transmit diversity 150
5.4 Multiuser diversity 150
5.4.1 Pdf and cdf 151
5.4.2 Multiuser diversity versus classical diversity 152
x Contents

Problems 153
References 154
6 Channel estimation and equalization 158
6.1 Channel estimation 158
6.1.1 Adaptive channel estimation 159
6.1.2 Blind channel estimation 160
6.2 Channel equalization 160
6.2.1 Optimum sequence detection 161
6.2.2 Linear equalizers 162
6.2.3 Decision-feedback equalizers 166
6.2.4 MLSE equalizer 167
6.2.5 Viterbi algorithm 168
6.2.6 Frequency-domain equalizers 170
6.2.7 Blind equalizers 171
6.2.8 Precoding 172
6.3 Pulse shaping 172
6.3.1 Raised-cosine filtering 173
6.3.2 Root-raised-cosine filtering 175
Problems 176
References 177
7 Modulation and detection 180
7.1 Analog modulation 180
7.1.1 Amplitude modulation 180
7.1.2 Phase modulation and frequency modulation 182
7.2 Introduction to digital modulation 183
7.2.1 Signal space diagram 184
7.2.2 Demodulation and detection 185
7.2.3 Error probability in the Gaussian channel 186
7.3 Baseband modulation 188
7.3.1 Line codes 188
7.3.2 Pulse time modulation 190
7.4 Pulse amplitude modulation 191
7.5 Phase shift keying 195
7.5.1 Binary phase shift keying 195
7.5.2 M-ary phase shift keying 197
7.5.3 Quaternary phase shift keying 202
7.6 Frequency shift keying 207
7.6.1 Binary frequency shift keying 207
7.6.2 M-ary frequency shift keying 211
7.6.3 Minimum shift keying 213
7.6.4 Gaussian minimum shift keying 215
7.6.5 Continuous phase modulation 217
xi Contents

7.7 Quadrature amplitude modulation 218
7.8 Bandwidth efficiencies of M-ary modulation 224
7.9 Matched filtering 225
7.10 Synchronization 226
7.10.1 Carrier synchronization 227
7.10.2 Symbol timing recovery 228
7.11 Differential modulation 231
7.12 Error probability in fading channels 231
7.12.1 Flat Rayleigh fading channel 232
7.12.2 Flat Ricean fading channel 235
7.12.3 Alternative form of the Q-function 236
7.12.4 Error probability using moment-generating functions 237
7.13 Error probabilities due to delay spread and frequency dispersion 238
7.14 Error probability in fading channels with diversity reception 239
Problems 241
References 243
8 Spread spectrum communications 246
8.1 Introduction 246
8.2 Spreading sequences 248
8.2.1 Properties of spreading sequences 248
8.2.2 Pseudo-noise sequences 249
8.2.3 Gold sequences 252
8.2.4 Kasami sequences 252
8.2.5 Walsh sequences 253
8.2.6 Orthogonal variable spreading factor sequences 254
8.2.7 Barker sequences 255
8.2.8 Complementary codes 255
8.3 Direct-sequence spread spectrum 256
8.3.1 DS-CDMA model 257
8.3.2 Conventional receiver 259
8.3.3 Rake receiver 260
8.3.4 Synchronization in CDMA 263
8.3.5 Power control 263
8.3.6 Soft handoff 264
8.4 Multiuser detection 265
8.4.1 Introduction 265
8.4.2 Optimum multiuser detector 267
8.4.3 Linear multiuser detection 268
8.4.4 Serial/parallel interference cancellation 269
8.4.5 Combination of linear MUD and nonlinear SIC 271
8.5 Bit error probability and system capacity 272
8.5.1 BER performance 272
8.5.2 Uplink capacity 274
xii Contents

8.6 Other DSSS techniques 276
8.7 DSSS and DS-CDMA in wireless standards 277
8.8 Frequency-hopping spread spectrum 280
8.8.1 Error performance of FHSS 282
8.8.2 FHSS versus DSSS 283
Problems 284
References 285
9 Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing 290
9.1 Introduction 290
9.2 Principle of OFDM 291
9.3 OFDM transceivers 293
9.4 Cyclic prefix 294
9.5 Spectrum of OFDM 297
9.6 Fading mitigation in OFDM 300
9.7 Channel estimation 301
9.7.1 Pilot arrangement for channel estimation 302
9.7.2 Pilot-assisted channel estimation 303
9.8 Peak-to-average power ratio 305
9.8.1 Peak factor: definition and impact 305
9.8.2 Peak factor reduction techniques 306
9.8.3 Amplitude clipping or companding 308
9.9 Intercarrier interference 312
9.10 Synchronization 314
9.10.1 Influence of frequency offset 314
9.10.2 Phase noise effects on OFDM 317
9.10.3 Influence of timing offset 318
9.10.4 Implementation of synchronization 318
9.11 OFDM-based multiple access 322
9.12 Performance of OFDM systems 324
9.13 Multi-carrier CDMA 326
9.14 Other OFDM-associated schemes 329
Problems 330
References 331
10 Antennas 337
10.1 Maxwell’s equations 337
10.2 Introduction to computational electromagnetics 338
10.2.1 Method of moments 339
10.2.2 Finite difference time-domain method 339
10.2.3 Finite element method 340
10.3 Antenna fundamentals 341
10.3.1 Radiation patterns 342
10.3.2 Antenna field zones 343
xiii Contents

10.3.3 Antenna gain and directivity 344
10.3.4 Effective area and effective height 345
10.3.5 Antenna temperature 346
10.3.6 Polarization 346
10.3.7 Receiving and transmitting power
efficiency 347
10.4 Antennas for wireless communications 349
10.4.1 Antennas for base stations 349
10.4.2 Antennas for mobile stations 350
10.5 Dipole antennas 351
10.5.1 Wire dipole antennas 353
10.5.2 Baluns 355
10.5.3 Wire monopoles 356
10.6 Patch antennas 356
10.6.1 Microstrip antennas 357
10.6.2 Broadband microstrip antennas 358
10.7 Polarization-agile antennas 359
10.8 Antenna arrays 360
10.8.1 Array factor 361
10.8.2 Mutual coupling and spatial correlation 362
10.9 Wideband antennas 364
10.9.1 Implementation of wideband antennas 364
10.9.2 Ultra wideband antennas 366
Problems 367
References 369
11 RF and microwave subsystems 373
11.1 Introduction 373
11.1.1 Receiver performance requirements 373
11.1.2 Architecture of RF subsystems 374
11.2 RF system analysis 375
11.2.1 Noise 376
11.2.2 Noise figure 378
11.2.3 Link budget analysis 379
11.3 Transmission lines 380
11.3.1 Fundamental theory 380
11.3.2 Types of transmission line 384
11.4 Microwave network analysis 385
11.5 Impedance matching 388
11.5.1 Stub tuners 388
11.5.2 Quarter-wave transformer 389
11.5.3 Multisection matching transformers 389
11.6 Microwave resonators 390
11.6.1 RLC resonant circuits 390
xiv Contents

11.6.2 Transmission line resonators 391
11.6.3 Waveguide cavities 393
11.7 Power dividers and directional couplers 393
11.7.1 Three-port networks 393
11.7.2 Four-port networks 395
11.8 RF/microwave filters 397
11.8.1 Insertion loss method 397
11.8.2 Prototyping 400
11.8.3 Stub filters 401
11.8.4 Stepped-impedance lowpass filters 402
11.8.5 Coupled line bandpass filters 403
11.8.6 Computer-aided design for RF/microwave
filter design 405
11.8.7 Filters for wireless communications 406
11.9 Phase shifters 408
11.10 Basic concepts in active RF circuits 410
11.11 Modeling of RF components 414
11.11.1 Diodes 414
11.11.2 Transistors 417
11.12 Switches 422
11.13 Attenuators 424
11.14 Mixers 425
11.14.1 Operation of mixers 425
11.14.2 Types of mixers 427
11.15 Amplifiers 428
11.15.1 Requirements in wireless systems 428
11.15.2 Structure of amplifiers 429
11.15.3 Classification of amplifiers 430
11.15.4 Linearization techniques 433
11.15.5 Microwave transistors for amplifiers 435
11.15.6 Stability 436
11.15.7 Transistor amplifier design 436
11.16 Oscillators 437
11.16.1 Analysis methods 437
11.16.2 Phase noise 439
11.16.3 Classification of RF oscillators 440
11.17 Frequency synthesis 443
11.17.1 Composition of phase-locked loops 443
11.17.2 Dynamics of phase-locked loops 446
11.17.3 Direct frequency synthesis 448
11.18 Automatic gain control 449
11.19 MICs and MMICs 451
11.19.1 Major MMIC technologies 451
11.19.2 Approach to MMIC design 452
xv Contents

11.19.3 Passive lumped components 453
11.19.4 RF CMOS 455
11.19.5 Impedance matching 456
Problems 457
References 461
12 A/D and D/A conversions 464
12.1 Introduction 464
12.2 Sampling 464
12.2.1 Ideal and natural sampling 464
12.2.2 Sampling theorem 466
12.2.3 Aliasing and antialiasing 466
12.2.4 Oversampling and decimation 468
12.2.5 Bandpass sampling theorem 468
12.3 Quantization 470
12.3.1 Uniform quantization 470
12.3.2 Improving resolution by oversampling 472
12.4 Analog reconstruction 473
12.5 Parameters for A/D and D/A converters 475
12.5.1 SNR of A/D and D/A converters 476
12.5.2 SFDR and dithering 477
12.6 A/D converter circuits 479
12.6.1 Flash A/D converters 480
12.6.2 Successive-approximation register A/D converters 480
12.6.3 Sigma-delta A/D converters 481
12.7 D/A converter circuits 484
12.8 A/D and D/A converters for software-defined radios 485
Problems 486
References 487
13 Signals and signal processing 489
13.1 Basic transforms 489
13.1.1 Fourier transform 489
13.1.2 Laplace transform 490
13.1.3 z-transform 491
13.2 Discrete-time Fourier transform 494
13.2.1 Windowing 495
13.2.2 DFT 498
13.2.3 FFT 499
13.3 Digital filters 501
13.3.1 FIR and IIR filters 501
13.3.2 Stability 502
13.3.3 Inverse filters 503
xvi Contents

13.3.4 Minimum-, maximum-, and mixed-phase
systems 504
13.3.5 Notch and comb filters 505
13.4 Digital filter design 507
13.4.1 FIR digital filter design 508
13.4.2 IIR filter design 511
13.4.3 Hardware implementation of digital filters 513
13.5 Adaptive filters 513
13.5.1 Wiener solution 514
13.5.2 LMS algorithm 515
13.5.3 RLS algorithm 515
13.6 Digital up-conversion and digital down-conversion 516
13.6.1 Numerically controlled oscillators 517
13.6.2 Direct digital frequency synthesis 518
13.7 Sampling-rate conversion 520
13.7.1 Interpolation 521
13.7.2 Decimation 524
13.7.3 Sample rate converters 525
13.7.4 Cascaded integrator comb (CIC) filters 525
13.8 Discrete cosine transform 527
13.9 Wavelet transform 530
13.9.1 Discrete wavelet transform 532
13.9.2 Multiresolution analysis 533
13.10 Filter banks 535
13.11 Sub-band coding 538
13.11.1 Two-channel perfect reconstruction filter banks 539
13.11.2 Pseudo-QMF filter bank 541
13.11.3 Modified DCT (MDCT) 542
Problems 543
References 545
14 Fundamentals of information theory 550
14.1 Basic definitions 550
14.2 Lossless data compression 555
14.2.1 Source coding theorem 556
14.2.2 Huffman coding 557
14.2.3 Exponential-Golomb variable-length codes 559
14.2.4 Arithmetic coding 560
14.2.5 Dictionary-based coding 563
14.3 Rate-distortion theorem 565
14.4 Channel capacity 567
14.4.1 Capacity of the AWGN channel for Gaussian
distributed input 568
xvii Contents

14.4.2 Capacity of the AWGN channel for discrete
input alphabets 571
14.4.3 Area spectral efficiency 574
14.5 Source-channel coding theorem 575
14.6 Capacity of fading channels 576
14.6.1 Capacity with CSI at receiver only 577
14.6.2 Capacity with CSI at transmitter and receiver 579
14.6.3 Capacity of frequency-selective fading channels 581
14.7 Channel capacity for multiuser communications 582
14.7.1 AWGN channel 582
14.7.2 Flat-fading channels 585
14.8 Estimation theory 585
Problems 586
References 589
15 Channel coding 591
15.1 Preliminaries 591
15.2 Linear block codes 592
15.2.1 Error detection/correction 593
15.2.2 Simple parity check and Hamming codes 595
15.2.3 Syndrome decoding 596
15.3 Hard/soft decision decoding 597
15.4 Cyclic codes 600
15.4.1 Encoder and decoder 600
15.4.2 Types of cyclic codes 603
15.5 Interleaving 606
15.6 Convolutional codes 607
15.6.1 Encoding of convolutional codes 608
15.6.2 Encoder state and trellis diagrams 611
15.6.3 Sequence decoders 613
15.6.4 Trellis representation of block codes 616
15.6.5 Coding gain and error probability 618
15.6.6 Convolutional coding with interleaving 619
15.6.7 Punctured convolutional codes 620
15.6.8 Trellis-coded modulation 621
15.7 Conventional concatenated codes 622
15.8 Turbo codes 625
15.8.1 Turbo encoder 625
15.8.2 Turbo decoder 627
15.8.3 MAP algorithm 630
15.8.4 Analysis of the turbo code 635
15.9 Serially concatenated convolutional codes 639
15.9.1 Design of the SCCC 640
15.9.2 Decoding of the SCCC 640
xviii Contents

15.10 Low-density parity-check codes 641
15.10.1 LDPC code: a linear block code 641
15.10.2 LDPC encoder and decoder 644
15.11 Adaptive modulation and coding 646
15.12 ARQ and hybrid-ARQ 649
Problems 652
References 654

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