WGS84

bagoal

TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
AMENDMENT 1
SUBJECT TERMS......................................................................................................ii
NIMA DEFINITION..................................................................................................iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS..........................................................................................v
FOREWORD..............................................................................................................vii
PREFACE...................................................................................................................ix
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .........................................................................................xi
TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................................xv
1. INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................1-1
2. WGS 84 COORDINATE SYSTEM ......................................................................2-1
2.1 Definition.....................................................................................................2-1
2.2 Realization...................................................................................................2-2
2.2.1 Agreement with the ITRF................................................................2-5
2.2.2 Temporal Effects.............................................................................2-6
2.2.2.1 Plate Tectonic Motion ........................................................2-6
2.2.2.2 Tidal Effects.......................................................................2-8
2.3 Mathematical Relationship Between the Conventional Celestial
Reference System (CCRS) and the WGS 84 Coordinate System.................2-8
2.3.1 Tidal Variations in the Earth’s Rotation............................................2-9
3. WGS 84 ELLIPSOID ............................................................................................3-1
3.1 General .......................................................................................................3-1
3.2 Defining Parameters.....................................................................................3-2
3.2.1 Semi-major Axis (a)........................................................................3-2
3.2.2 Flattening (f) ...................................................................................3-2
3.2.3 Earth’s Gravitational Constant (GM) ...............................................3-3
3.2.3.1 GM with Earth’s Atmosphere Included (GM) .....................3-3
3.2.3.2 Special Considerations for GPS..........................................3-3
3.2.3.3 GM of the Earth’s Atmosphere...........................................3-4
3.2.3.4 GM with Earth’s Atmosphere Excluded (GM¢) ...................3-4
3.2.4 Angular Velocity of the Earth (w) ....................................................3-4
3.3 Derived Geometric and Physical Constants...................................................3-6
3.3.1 Derived Geometric Constants..........................................................3-6
3.3.2 Physical Constants ..........................................................................3-8
4. WGS 84 ELLIPSOIDAL GRAVITY FORMULA .................................................4-1
4.1 General......................... ..............................................................................4-1
4.2 Normal Gravity on the Ellipsoidal Surface.....................................................4-1
4.3 Normal Gravity Above the Ellipsoid .............................................................4-2
5. WGS 84 EGM96 GRAVITATIONAL MODELING.............................................5-1
5.1 Earth Gravitational Model (EGM96)............................................................5-1
5.2 Gravity Potential (W)...................................................................................5-2
6. WGS 84 EGM96 GEOID ......................................................................................6-1
6.1 General ........… ..........................................................................................6-1
6.2 Formulas, Representations and Analysis .......................................................6-2
6.2.1 Formulas ........................................................................................6-2
6.2.2 Permanent Tide Systems .................................................................6-4
6.2.3 Representations and Analysis ..........................................................6-4
6.3 Availability of WGS 84 EGM96 Data Products............................................6-6
7. WGS 84 RELATIONSHIPS WITH OTHER GEODETIC SYSTEMS ..................7-1
7.1 General ................. .....................................................................................7-1
7.2 Relationship of WGS 84 to the ITRF ...........................................................7-1
7.3 Relationship of WGS 84 to the NAD 83......................................................7-1
7.4 Local Geodetic Datum to WGS 84 Datum Transformations..........................7-3
7.5 Datum Transformation Multiple Regression Equations (MRE).......................7-6
7.6 WGS 72 to WGS 84...................................................................................7-6
8. ACCURACY OF WGS 84 COORDINATES .......................................................8-1
8.1 Discussion...................................................................................................8-1
8.2 Summary.....................................................................................................8-3
9. IMPLEMENTATION GUIDELINES ....................................................................9-1
9.1 Introduction.................................................................................................9-1
9.1.1 General Recommendations..............................................................9-2
9.1.2 Precise Geodetic Applications.........................................................9-2
9.1.3 Cartographic Applications...............................................................9-3
9.1.4 Navigation Applications ..................................................................9-3
9.1.5 Geospatial Information Applications ................................................9-4
9.2 Summary.....................................................................................................9-4
10. CONCLUSIONS/SUMMARY ...........................................................................10-1
REFERENCES .................... ......................................................................................R-1
APPENDIX A: LIST OF REFERENCE ELLIPSOID NAMES AND
PARAMETERS (USED FOR GENERATING DATUM
TRANSFORMATIONS)..................................................................A-1
APPENDIX B: DATUM TRANSFORMATIONS DERIVED USING
SATELLITE TIES TO GEODETIC DATUMS/SYSTEMS ..............B-1
APPENDIX C: DATUM TRANSFORMATIONS DERIVED USING
NON-SATELLITE INFORMATION ..............................................C-1
APPENDIX D: MULTIPLE REGRESSION EQUATIONS FOR SPECIAL
CONTINENTAL SIZE LOCAL GEODETIC DATUMS.................D-1
APPENDIX E: WGS 72 TO WGS 84 TRANSFORMATION ..................................E-1
APPENDIX F: ACRONYMS....................................................................................F-1
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